{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T07:02:09Z","timestamp":1786518129204,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005297","name":"Medical University of Bialystok, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUB\/1\/DN\/22\/002\/1208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/1\/DN\/22\/002\/1208"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, and it accounts for about half of the cases of acute kidney injury (AKI). Although sepsis is the most frequent cause of AKI in critically ill patients, its pathophysiological mechanisms are not well understood. Sepsis has the ability to modulate the function of cells belonging to the innate immune system. Increased activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and production of kynurenines are the major metabolic pathways utilized by innate immunity cells to maintain immunological tolerance. The activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) plays a dual role in sepsis\u2014in the early stage, the induction of IDO1 elicits strong proinflammatory effects that may lead to tissue damage and septic shock. Afterwards, depletion of tryptophan and production of kynurenines contribute to the development of immunosuppression that may cause the inability to overpower opportunistic infections. The presented review provides available data on the various interdependencies between elements of innate immunity and sepsis-induced AKI (SAKI) with particular emphasis on the immunomodulatory significance of KP in the above processes. We believe that KP activation may be one of the crucial, though underestimated, components of a deregulated host response to infection during SAKI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11162604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T21:05:51Z","timestamp":1661115951000},"page":"2604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Kynurenine Pathway\u2014An Underestimated Factor Modulating Innate Immunity in Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8490-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Krupa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikolaj M.","family":"Krupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2254-7982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krystyna","family":"Pawlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04360514","article-title":"A prospective international multicenter study of AKI in the intensive care unit","volume":"10","author":"Bouchard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. 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