{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:43:53Z","timestamp":1788954233696,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":390,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["NKFIH 138125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFIH 138125"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["MTA-JSP-050609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MTA-JSP-050609"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["\u00daNKP-21-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-21-3"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009"]}]},{"name":"National Research Development and Innovation Fund","award":["NKFIH 138125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFIH 138125"]}]},{"name":"National Research Development and Innovation Fund","award":["MTA-JSP-050609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MTA-JSP-050609"]}]},{"name":"National Research Development and Innovation Fund","award":["\u00daNKP-21-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-21-3"]}]},{"name":"National Research Development and Innovation Fund","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nearly half a century has passed since the discovery of cytoplasmic inheritance of human chloramphenicol resistance. The inheritance was then revealed to take place maternally by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Later, a number of mutations in mtDNA were identified as a cause of severe inheritable metabolic diseases with neurological manifestation, and the impairment of mitochondrial functions has been probed in the pathogenesis of a wide range of illnesses including neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, a growing number of preclinical studies have revealed that animal behaviors are influenced by the impairment of mitochondrial functions and possibly by the loss of mitochondrial stress resilience. Indeed, as high as 54% of patients with one of the most common primary mitochondrial diseases, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome, present psychiatric symptoms including cognitive impairment, mood disorder, anxiety, and psychosis. Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles which produce cellular energy and play a major role in other cellular functions including homeostasis, cellular signaling, and gene expression, among others. Mitochondrial functions are observed to be compromised and to become less resilient under continuous stress. Meanwhile, stress and inflammation have been linked to the activation of the tryptophan (Trp)\u2013kynurenine (KYN) metabolic system, which observably contributes to the development of pathological conditions including neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review discusses the functions of mitochondria and the Trp-KYN system, the interaction of the Trp-KYN system with mitochondria, and the current understanding of the involvement of mitochondria and the Trp-KYN system in preclinical and clinical studies of major neurological and psychiatric diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11162607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T21:05:51Z","timestamp":1661115951000},"page":"2607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Mitochondrial Impairment: A Common Motif in Neuropsychiatric Presentation? The Link to the Tryptophan\u2013Kynurenine Metabolic System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4383-4024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaru","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1gnes","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Kor\u00e1nyi fasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0888-9353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleon\u00f3ra","family":"Spekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3230-6261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helga","family":"Poly\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Kor\u00e1nyi fasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanni","family":"T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"V\u00e9csei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd Research Network, University of Szeged (ELKH-SZTE), Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1126\/science.70.1816.381.b","article-title":"Phosphorus Compounds of Muscle and Liver","volume":"70","author":"Fiske","year":"1929","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01506215","article-title":"\u00dcber die Pyrophosphatfraktion im Muskel","volume":"17","author":"Lohmann","year":"1929","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00130477","article-title":"The Discovery of Adenosine Triphosphate and the Establishment of its Structure","volume":"24","author":"Maruyama","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. 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