{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:24:01Z","timestamp":1791563041179,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]],"date-time":"2022-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre in Poland","award":["2016\/23\/B\/NZ4\/03877"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/23\/B\/NZ4\/03877"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre in Poland","award":["2015\/17\/N\/NZ4\/02841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/17\/N\/NZ4\/02841"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Huntington\u2019s disease (HD) is a rare neurodegenerative disease that is accompanied by skeletal muscle atrophy and cardiomyopathy. Tissues affected by HD (central nervous system [CNS], skeletal muscle, and heart) are known to suffer from deteriorated cellular energy metabolism that manifests already at presymptomatic stages. This work aimed to test the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-\u03b3 agonist\u2014rosiglitazone on grip strength and heart function in an experimental HD model\u2014on R6\/1 mice and to address the mechanisms. We noted that rosiglitazone treatment lead to improvement of R6\/1 mice grip strength and cardiac mechanical function. It was accompanied by an enhancement of the total adenine nucleotides pool, increased glucose oxidation, changes in mitochondrial number (indicated as increased citric synthase activity), and reduction in mitochondrial complex I activity. These metabolic changes were supported by increased total antioxidant status in HD mice injected with rosiglitazone. Correction of energy deficits with rosiglitazone was further indicated by decreased accumulation of nucleotide catabolites in HD mice serum. Thus, rosiglitazone treatment may not only delay neurodegeneration but also may ameliorate cardio- and myopathy linked to HD by improvement of cellular energetics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T21:22:56Z","timestamp":1661721776000},"page":"2662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Rosiglitazone Ameliorates Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction by Correction of Energetics in Huntington\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8934-9748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Tomczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4394-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Braczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Mierzejewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Podlacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5599-0417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliwia","family":"Krol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Jablonska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8219-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Jedrzejewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Pierzynowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4042-7466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Wegrzyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3037-1844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa M.","family":"Slominska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0190-9414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryszard T.","family":"Smolenski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60111-1","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"369","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80513-9","article-title":"Formation of Neuronal Intranuclear Inclusions Underlies the Neurological Dysfunction in Mice Transgenic for the HD Mutation","volume":"90","author":"Davies","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moffitt, H., McPhail, G.D., Woodman, B., Hobbs, C., and Bates, G.P. (2009). Formation of Polyglutamine Inclusions in a Wide Range of Non-CNS Tissues in the HdhQ150 Knock-in Mouse Model of Huntington\u2019s Disease. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008025"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(93)90127-D","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Gene (IT15) Is Widely Expressed in Human and Rat Tissues","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2004.01.008","article-title":"Huntingtin-Protein Interactions and the Pathogenesis of Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3233\/JHD-180324","article-title":"Huntingtin Aggregates and Mitochondrial Pathology in Skeletal Muscle but Not Heart of Late-Stage R6\/2 Mice","volume":"8","author":"Kojer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Huntingtons. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mielcarek, M., Inuabasi, L., Bondulich, M.K., Muller, T., Osborne, G.F., Franklin, S.A., Smith, D.L., Neueder, A., Rosinski, J., and Rattray, I. (2014). Dysfunction of the CNS-Heart Axis in Mouse Models of Huntington\u2019s Disease. PLoS Genet, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004550"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0964-x","article-title":"Use of Hand-Held Dynamometry in the Evaluation of Lower Limb Muscle Strength in People with Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"255","author":"Busse","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.5.769","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Mortality in the United States","volume":"38","author":"Lanska","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1982.tb132224.x","article-title":"Causes of Death in Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"1","author":"Chiu","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70178-4","article-title":"Beyond the Brain: Widespread Pathology in Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Bjorkqvist","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03783.x","article-title":"Progressive Abnormalities in Skeletal Muscle and Neuromuscular Junctions of Transgenic Mice Expressing the Huntington\u2019s Disease Mutation","volume":"20","author":"Ribchester","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202012637","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.202012637","article-title":"A Mouse Model of Huntington\u2019s Disease Shows Altered Ultrastructure of Transverse Tubules in Skeletal Muscle Fibers","volume":"153","author":"Romer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1759091419886212","article-title":"Abnormalities in the Motor Unit of a Fast-Twitch Lower Limb Skeletal Muscle in Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Andrade","year":"2019","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13510","article-title":"Muscle Atrophy Is Associated with Cervical Spinal Motoneuron Loss in BACHD Mouse Model for Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"45","author":"Andrade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi192","article-title":"Gene Expression in Huntington\u2019s Disease Skeletal Muscle: A Potential Biomarker","volume":"14","author":"Strand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mielcarek, M., Toczek, M., Smeets, C.J., Franklin, S.A., Bondulich, M.K., Jolinon, N., Muller, T., Ahmed, M., Dick, J.R., and Piotrowska, I. (2015). HDAC4-Myogenin Axis As an Important Marker of HD-Related Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. PLoS Genet., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005021"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3233\/JHD-2012-120004","article-title":"Direct Evidence of Progressive Cardiac Dysfunction in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"1","author":"Wood","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Huntingt. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5845","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.238113","article-title":"Neurocardiac Dysregulation and Neurogenic Arrhythmias in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"590","author":"Kiriazis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1058464","DOI":"10.1080\/21675511.2015.1058464","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Is a Multi-System Disorder","volume":"3","author":"Mielcarek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45691","article-title":"Energy Deficit in Huntington Disease: Why It Matters","volume":"121","author":"Mochel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-017-9766-1","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s Disease and Mitochondria","volume":"32","author":"Ghaedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddg046","article-title":"Specific Progressive CAMP Reduction Implicates Energy Deficit in Presymptomatic Huntington\u2019s Disease Knock-in Mice","volume":"12","author":"Gines","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.309849","article-title":"Early Alterations of Brain Cellular Energy Homeostasis in Huntington Disease Models","volume":"287","author":"Mochel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi319","article-title":"HD CAG Repeat Implicates a Dominant Property of Huntingtin in Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Seong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.09.015","article-title":"Transcriptional Repression of PGC-1alpha by Mutant Huntingtin Leads to Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration","volume":"127","author":"Cui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00380","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Pathology in Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"5","author":"Zielonka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20373","article-title":"Mitochondrial Impairment in Patients and Asymptomatic Mutation Carriers of Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"20","author":"Saft","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200007)48:1<72::AID-ANA11>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Abnormal in Vivo Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism in Huntington\u2019s Disease and Dentatorubropallidoluysian Atrophy","volume":"48","author":"Lodi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.08.019","article-title":"An Impaired Metabolism of Nucleotides Underpins a Novel Mechanism of Cardiac Remodeling Leading to Huntington\u2019s Disease Related Cardiomyopathy","volume":"1862","author":"Toczek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25992","article-title":"Metabolism in HD: Still a Relevant Mechanism?","volume":"29","author":"Duan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, N., and Wagner, K.-D. (2022). Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152432"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2009.12.001","article-title":"Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Beta\/Delta (PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4) Acts as Regulator of Metabolism Linked to Multiple Cellular Functions","volume":"125","author":"Wagner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4003","article-title":"PPAR-\u03b4 Is Repressed in Huntington\u2019s Disease, Is Required for Normal Neuronal Function and Can Be Targeted Therapeutically","volume":"22","author":"Dickey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12190","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of PPAR-\u03b3 Agonist Rosiglitazone in N171-82Q Mouse Model of Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"125","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomczyk, M., Braczko, A., Jablonska, P., Mika, A., Przyborowski, K., Jedrzejewska, A., Krol, O., Kus, F., Sledzinski, T., and Chlopicki, S. (2021). Enhanced Muscle Strength in Dyslipidemic Mice and Its Relation to Increased Capacity for Fatty Acid Oxidation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212251"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.02.008","article-title":"Deletion of CD73 in Mice Leads to Aortic Valve Dysfunction","volume":"1863","author":"Zukowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomczyk, M., Olkowicz, M., Slominska, E.M., and Smolenski, R.T. (2021). High Throughput Procedure for Comparative Analysis of in Vivo Cardiac Glucose or Amino Acids Use in Cardiovascular Pathologies and Pharmacological Treatments. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11080497"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers, G.W., Brand, M.D., Petrosyan, S., Ashok, D., Elorza, A.A., Ferrick, D.A., and Murphy, A.N. (2011). High Throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements Using Minimal Quantities of Isolated Mitochondria. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021746"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicho\u0144ska, D., Kr\u00f3l, O., S\u0142omi\u0144ska, E.M., Kocha\u0144ska, B., \u015awietlik, D., Ochoci\u0144ska, J., and Kusiak, A. (2021). Influence of Electronic Cigarettes on Antioxidant Capacity and Nucleotide Metabolites in Saliva. Toxics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9100263"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H375","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.279.1.H375","article-title":"Regulation of Myocardial [13C]Glucose Metabolism in Conscious Rats","volume":"279","author":"McNulty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154400","article-title":"Enhanced Cardiac Hypoxic Injury in Atherogenic Dyslipidaemia Results from Alterations in the Energy Metabolism Pattern","volume":"114","author":"Olkowicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v3.i5.144","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 Activator, Rosiglitazone: Is It Beneficial or Harmful to the Cardiovascular System?","volume":"3","author":"Palee","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25628","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M804291200","article-title":"Rosiglitazone Treatment Prevents Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Mutant Huntingtin-Expressing Cells","volume":"283","author":"Quintanilla","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2015.09.005","article-title":"Rosiglitazone Activation of PPAR\u03b3-Dependent Signaling Is Neuroprotective in Mutant Huntingtin Expressing Cells","volume":"338","author":"Chiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-014-9458-z","article-title":"Rosiglitazone Synergizes the Neuroprotective Effects of Valproic Acid against Quinolinic Acid-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats: Targeting PPAR\u03b3 and HDAC Pathways","volume":"26","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2217\/fca-2017-0019","article-title":"PPARs: Regulators of Metabolism and as Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease. Part II: PPAR-\u03b2\/\u03b4 and PPAR-\u03b3","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2014.09.015","article-title":"PPAR Gamma Gene\u2014A Review","volume":"9","author":"Janani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.1916069","article-title":"Pioglitazone Improves Skeletal Muscle Functions in Reserpine-Induced Fibromyalgia Rat Model","volume":"53","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp243","article-title":"Impaired PGC-1\u03b1 Function in Muscle in Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"18","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr541","article-title":"Pharmacologic Activation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis Exerts Widespread Beneficial Effects in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"21","author":"Johri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4601.099403","article-title":"In Vivo Myocardial Protection from Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury by the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-\u03b3 Agonist Rosiglitazone","volume":"104","author":"Yue","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.5.1507","article-title":"Rosiglitazone, a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-\u03b3, Inhibits the Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase\/Activating Protein 1 Pathway and Protects the Heart from Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury","volume":"51","author":"Khandoudi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.4.1110","article-title":"Thiazolidinedione Treatment Normalizes Insulin Resistance and Ischemic Injury in the Zucker Fatty Rat Heart","volume":"51","author":"Sidell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"2457","article-title":"Effect of Rosiglitazone on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Death from Cardiovascular Causes","volume":"2008","author":"Gersh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Yearb. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa073394","article-title":"Rosiglitazone Evaluated for Cardiovascular Outcomes\u2014An Interim Analysis","volume":"357","author":"Home","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/13813450701783281","article-title":"Rosiglitazone Treatment Improves Cardiac Efficiency in Hearts from Diabetic Mice","volume":"113","author":"How","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.8.2447","article-title":"Rosiglitazone Reduces Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion Rate and Increases Insulin Clearance in Nondiabetic, Insulin-Resistant Individuals","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3233\/JHD-170253","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s Disease and Diabetes: Chronological Sequence of Its Association","volume":"6","author":"Montojo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Huntingt. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8727","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.15.8727","article-title":"Transgenic Mice Expressing a Huntington\u2019s Disease Mutation Are Resistant to Quinolinic Acid-Induced Striatal Excitotoxicity","volume":"96","author":"Hansson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/35008142","article-title":"Delaying the Onset of Huntington\u2019s in Mice","volume":"404","author":"Blakemore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.09.016","article-title":"Cardiac Dysfunction in the R6\/2 Mouse Model of Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"25","author":"Mihm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozzi, M., and Sciandra, F. (2020). Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Muscle Wasting in Huntington\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218314"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2007-11108","article-title":"Rosiglitazone Induces Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Mouse Brain","volume":"11","author":"Strum","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21752","article-title":"Mitochondrial Remodeling in Adipose Tissue Associated with Obesity and Treatment with Rosiglitazone","volume":"114","author":"Nicoloro","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-507X2011000200007","article-title":"Inhibition of Brain Citrate Synthase Activity in an Animal Model of Sepsis","volume":"23","author":"Scaini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ter. Intensiva"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00103","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Huntington\u2019s Disease; Interplay between HSF1, P53 and PGC-1\u03b1 Transcription Factors","volume":"13","author":"Intihar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2014.04.005","article-title":"Huntingtin Protein Is Essential for Mitochondrial Metabolism, Bioenergetics and Structure in Murine Embryonic Stem Cells","volume":"391","author":"Ismailoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3233\/JHD-160205","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Huntington\u2019s Disease: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Huntingt. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.017","article-title":"Role of Oxidative DNA Damage in Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Huntington\u2019s Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"62","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44512","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.307587","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Aggregation of a Fragment of Huntingtin Protein Directly Causes Free Radical Production","volume":"286","author":"Hands","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12410","article-title":"Characterization of Reactive Oxygen Species in Diaphragm","volume":"213","author":"Zuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00338","article-title":"Redox Characterization of Functioning Skeletal Muscle","volume":"6","author":"Zuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27770","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161126059","article-title":"Redox Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14706","article-title":"Increased Oxidative Stress and CaMKII Activity Contribute to Electro-Mechanical Defects in Cardiomyocytes from a Murine Model of Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"286","author":"Botelho","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"3","article-title":"Bin. Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain, ROS Generation and Uncoupling (Review)","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200001)47:1<80::AID-ANA13>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Free Radical Damage in the Huntington R6\/2 Transgenic Mouse","volume":"47","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buck, E., Z\u00fcgel, M., Schumann, U., Merz, T., Gumpp, A.M., Witting, A., Steinacker, J.M., Landwehrmeyer, G.B., Weydt, P., and Calzia, E. (2017). High-Resolution Respirometry of Fine-Needle Muscle Biopsies in Pre-Manifest Huntington\u2019s Disease Expansion Mutation Carriers Shows Normal Mitochondrial Respiratory Function. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175248"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20754","article-title":"Low Stability of Huntington Muscle Mitochondria against Ca2+ in R6\/2 Mice","volume":"59","author":"Gizatullina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1159\/000335804","article-title":"Acute Mitochondrial Actions of Glitazones on the Liver: A Crucial Parameter for Their Antidiabetic Properties","volume":"28","author":"Sanz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2010.01237.x","article-title":"Opposite Effects of Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone on Mitochondrial Respiration in Skeletal Muscle of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Boushel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes, Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13101","article-title":"Total Antioxidant Status and Oxidative Stress in Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis","volume":"55","author":"Tugrul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2005.08.008","article-title":"A New Automated Colorimetric Method for Measuring Total Oxidant Status","volume":"38","author":"Erel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2003.11.015","article-title":"A Novel Automated Direct Measurement Method for Total Antioxidant Capacity Using a New Generation, More Stable ABTS Radical Cation","volume":"37","author":"Erel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/agm2.12173","article-title":"Serum Apelin-13 Levels and Total Oxidant\/Antioxidant Status of Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"4","author":"Yildiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Med."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"684","article-title":"Role of Anti-Diabetic Drugs as Therapeutic Agents in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Rizvi","year":"2015","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herv\u00e1s, D., Forn\u00e9s-Ferrer, V., G\u00f3mez-Escribano, A.P., Sequedo, M.D., Peir\u00f3, C., Mill\u00e1n, J.M., and V\u00e1zquez-Manrique, R.P. (2017). Metformin Intake Associates with Better Cognitive Function in Patients with Huntington\u2019s Disease. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179283"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00127","article-title":"Transcriptional Signature of an Altered Purine Metabolism in the Skeletal Muscle of a Huntington\u2019s Disease Mouse Model","volume":"8","author":"Mielcarek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.1942iti1","article-title":"AMPK Amplifies Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"194","author":"Short","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq322","article-title":"Modulation of Energy Deficiency in Huntington\u2019s Disease via Activation of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma","volume":"19","author":"Chiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomczyk, M., Glaser, T., Slominska, E.M., Ulrich, H., and Smolenski, R.T. (2021). Purine Nucleotides Metabolism and Signaling in Huntington\u2019s Disease: Search for a Target for Novel Therapies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126545"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(79)85174-7","article-title":"Contraction of Glycerinated Muscle Fibers as a Function of the ATP Concentration","volume":"28","author":"Cooke","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00739.2010","article-title":"Differential Effects of Peroxynitrite on Contractile Protein Properties in Fast- and Slow-Twitch Skeletal Muscle Fibers of Rat","volume":"110","author":"Dutka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1989.sp017609","article-title":"Changes of Intracellular Milieu with Fatigue or Hypoxia Depress Contraction of Skinned Rabbit Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle","volume":"412","author":"Godt","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2007","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Fatigue: Cellular Mechanisms","volume":"88","author":"Allen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.201411255","article-title":"Altered Ca2+ Signaling in Skeletal Muscle Fibers of the R6\/2 Mouse, a Model of Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"144","author":"Braubach","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e140614","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.140614","article-title":"Role of Defective Calcium Regulation in Cardiorespiratory Dysfunction in Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"5","author":"Dridi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/17\/2662\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:16:19Z","timestamp":1760141779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/17\/2662"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11172662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11172662","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]}}}