{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:18:34Z","timestamp":1789604314565,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST 109-2222-E-039-001-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2222-E-039-001-MY2"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["DMR-108-067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-108-067"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan and China Medical University Hospital","award":["MOST 109-2222-E-039-001-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2222-E-039-001-MY2"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan and China Medical University Hospital","award":["DMR-108-067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-108-067"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous studies have demonstrated that biological compounds and trace elements such as dopamine (DA) and copper ions (Cu) could be modified onto the surfaces of scaffolds using a one-step immersion process which is simple, inexpensive and, most importantly, non-cytotoxic. The development and emergence of 3D printing technologies such as selective laser melting (SLM) have also made it possible for us to fabricate bone scaffolds with precise structural designs using metallic compounds. In this study, we fabricated porous titanium scaffolds (Ti) using SLM and modified the surface of Ti with polydopamine (PDA) and Cu. There are currently no other reported studies with such a combination for osteogenic and angiogenic-related applications. Results showed that such modifications did not affect general appearances and microstructural characteristics of the porous Ti scaffolds. This one-step immersion modification allowed us to modify the surfaces of Ti with different concentrations of Cu ions, thus allowing us to fabricate individualized scaffolds for different clinical scenarios. The modification improved the hydrophilicity and surface roughness of the scaffolds, which in turn led to promote cell behaviors of Wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stem cells. Ti itself has high mechanical strength, therefore making it suitable for surgical handling and clinical applications. Furthermore, the scaffolds were able to release ions in a sustained manner which led to an upregulation of osteogenic-related proteins (bone alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin) and angiogenic-related proteins (vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1). By combining additive manufacturing, Ti6Al4V scaffolds, surface modification and Cu ions, the novel hybrid 3D-printed porous scaffold could be fabricated with ease and specifically benefited future bone regeneration in the clinic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11182824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T20:52:25Z","timestamp":1663015945000},"page":"2824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Combined Effects of Polydopamine-Assisted Copper Immobilization on 3D-Printed Porous Ti6Al4V Scaffold for Angiogenic and Osteogenic Bone Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hsi-Yao","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen-Hong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"X-Dimension Center for Medical Research and Translation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4295-2064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvin Kai-Xing","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-You","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung City 406040, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4428-3132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Hao","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0650-4344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-You","family":"Shie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan"},{"name":"X-Dimension Center for Medical Research and Translation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernhardt, A., Schneider, J., Schroeder, A., Papadopoulous, K., Lopez, E., Br\u00fcckner, F., and Botzenhart, U. 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