{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T23:26:14Z","timestamp":1792106774223,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,11]],"date-time":"2022-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rete Cardiologica of Italian Ministry of Health","award":["#2754291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2754291"]}]},{"name":"Internal Medicine Department of the University of Genoa to Federico Carbone","award":["#2754291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2754291"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The onset of cardiomyopathy is a common feature in sepsis, with relevant effects on its pathophysiology and clinical care. Septic cardiomyopathy is characterized by reduced left ventricular (LV) contractility eventually associated with LV dilatation with or without right ventricle failure. Unfortunately, such a wide range of ultrasonographic findings does not reflect a deep comprehension of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, but rather a lack of consensus about its definition. Several echocardiographic parameters intrinsically depend on loading conditions (both preload and afterload) so that it may be challenging to discriminate which is primitive and which is induced by hemodynamic perturbances. Here, we explore the state of the art in sepsis-related cardiomyopathy. We focus on the shortcomings in its definition and point out how cardiac performance dynamically changes in response to different hemodynamic clusters. A special attention is also given to update the knowledge about molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial dysfunction and that recall those of myocardial hibernation. Ultimately, the aim of this review is to highlight the unsolved issue in the field of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy as their implementation would lead to improve risk stratification and clinical care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11182833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T20:52:25Z","timestamp":1663015945000},"page":"2833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Septic Cardiomyopathy: From Pathophysiology to the Clinical Setting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2957-4078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Carbone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1472-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Liberale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1584-5172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Preda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Hellmut","family":"Schindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0823-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Montecucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.5791","article-title":"Derivation, validation, and potential treatment implications of novel clinical phenotypes for sepsis","volume":"321","author":"Seymour","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI82224","article-title":"Sepsis-induced immune dysfunction: Can immune therapies reduce mortality?","volume":"126","author":"Delano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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