{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:08:43Z","timestamp":1784333323493,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":297,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2022YFS0045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFS0045"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2021YFS0026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFS0026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preservation of human spermatozoa in vitro at normothermia or hypothermia maintaining their functions and fertility for several days plays a significant role in reproductive biology and medicine. However, it is well known that human spermatozoa left in vitro deteriorate over time irreversibly as the consequence of various stresses such as the change of osmolarity, energy deficiency, and oxidative damage, leading to substantial limitations including the need for semen examinations, fertility preservation, and assisted reproductive technology. These problems may be addressed with the aid of non-freezing storage techniques. The main and most effective preservation strategies are the partial or total replacement of seminal plasma with culture medium, named as extenders, and temperature-induced metabolic restriction. Semen extenders consist of buffers, osmolytes, and antioxidants, etc. to protect spermatozoa against the above-mentioned adverse factors. Extended preservation of human spermatozoa in vitro has a negative effect on sperm parameters, whereas its effect on ART outcomes remains inconsistent. The storage duration, temperature, and pre-treatment of semen should be determined according to the aims of preservation. Advanced techniques such as nanotechnology and omics have been introduced and show great potential in the lifespan extension of human sperm. It is certain that more patients will benefit from it in the near future. This review provided an overview of the current knowledge and prospects of prolonged non-freezing storage of human sperm in vitro.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11182845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T20:52:25Z","timestamp":1663015945000},"page":"2845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Extend the Survival of Human Sperm In Vitro in Non-Freezing Conditions: Damage Mechanisms, Preservation Technologies, and Clinical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qingyuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology, Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610066, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liman","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology, Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610066, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology, Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610066, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology, Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610066, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shasha","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology, Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610066, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology, Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610066, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenrui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology, Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610066, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5183-4214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology, Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610066, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)43815-X","article-title":"Factors affecting sperm motility. 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