{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:41:06Z","timestamp":1791726066912,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]],"date-time":"2022-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Palermo","award":["FFR2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFR2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most important health challenges worldwide. Control of the TB epidemic has not yet been achieved because of the lack of an effective vaccine and rapid and sensitive diagnostic approaches, as well as the emergence of drug-resistant forms of M. tuberculosis. Cellular immunity has a pivotal role against M. tuberculosis infection, but the role of humoral immunity is still controversial. We analyzed the frequency, absolute counts, and phenotypic and functional subsets of B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with active TB and subjects with latent infection compared to healthy donors. Moreover, we analyzed serum levels of total Ig and their IgA, IgM, and IgG isotypes and the titers of preexisting antibodies against a pool of common viral pathogens. FlowCT and unsupervised clusterization analysis show that patients with active TB and LTBI subjects have modest non-significant reduction in the numbers of circulating B lymphocytes as compared to healthy donors. Moreover, LTBI subjects had high percentages of atypical B cell population and lower percentages of naive and switched memory B cells. These findings were supported by gene expression and GSEA analysis. Moreover, there were no differences between active TB patients, LTBI subjects and HD, either in serum levels of total Ig isotypes or in preexisting IgG antibody titers, to ten different antigens from eight common pathogenic viruses, clearly demonstrating that either active or latent M. tuberculosis infection preserves the antibody production capacity of long-lived plasma cells. Thus, our results agree with previous studies reporting unaltered B cell frequencies in the blood of active TB patients and LTBI individuals as compared to healthy controls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11182906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T22:12:43Z","timestamp":1663539163000},"page":"2906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection on Human B Cell Compartment and Antibody Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3327-9541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco P.","family":"La Manna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0642-0431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Shekarkar-Azgomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Sciences for Health Promotion, Mother & Child Care, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0395-9789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giusto D.","family":"Badami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Sciences for Health Promotion, Mother & Child Care, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1225-8386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartolo","family":"Tamburini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Sciences for Health Promotion, Mother & Child Care, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costanza","family":"Dieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4418-5855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Di Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences for Health Promotion, Mother & Child Care, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Fasciana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences for Health Promotion, Mother & Child Care, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Marcian\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences for Health Promotion, Mother & Child Care, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Lo Sasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosaria V.","family":"Giglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Giammanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences for Health Promotion, Mother & Child Care, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6120-9041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Ciaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6685-352X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Dieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1018-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Caccamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Netea, M.G., and van Crevel, R. (2014). BCG-Induced Protection: Effects on Innate Immune Memory, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.09.006"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2021). Global Tuberculosis Report 2021, World Health Organization. Contract No.: 9789240037021."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132703","article-title":"Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Tuberculosis","volume":"27","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2960","article-title":"Immunological biomarkers of tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Walzl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040455","article-title":"Multifunctional CD4+ T cells correlate with active Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"40","author":"Caccamo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2299","article-title":"Dominant TNF-\u03b1+ Mycobacterium tuberculosis\u2013specific CD4+ T cell responses discriminate between latent infection and active disease","volume":"17","author":"Harari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566319","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.566319","article-title":"Mycobacteria-Specific T Cells Are Generated in the Lung During Mucosal BCG Immunization or Infection With Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Basile","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.3.271","article-title":"The Relative Importance of T Cell Subsets in Immunity and Immunopathology of Airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mice","volume":"193","author":"Mogues","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0261OC","article-title":"HLA-E\u2013restricted CD8+ T lymphocytes efficiently control Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV-1 coinfection","volume":"62","author":"Orlando","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12013","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.24.12013","article-title":"Major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted T cells are required for resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"89","author":"Flynn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.08.072","article-title":"A Functional Role for Antibodies in Tuberculosis","volume":"167","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500981","article-title":"Role of B Cells in Mucosal Vaccine\u2013Induced Protective CD8+ T Cell Immunity against Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"195","author":"Khera","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2018.10.011","article-title":"B lymphocytes in anti-mycobacterial immune responses: Pathogenesis or protection?","volume":"114","author":"Dyatlov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-0169-6","article-title":"BCG and BCG\u0394BCG1419c protect type 2 diabetic mice against tuberculosis via different participation of T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640168","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.640168","article-title":"B-Cells and Antibodies as Contributors to Effector Immune Responses in Tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Rijnink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2017.11.010","article-title":"Killer (FASL regulatory) B cells are present during latent TB and are induced by BCG stimulation in participants with and without latent tuberculosis","volume":"108","author":"Loxton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679973","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.679973","article-title":"Antibody Subclass and Glycosylation Shift Following Effective TB Treatment","volume":"12","author":"Grace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798207","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.798207","article-title":"Induction of Functional Specific Antibodies, IgG-Secreting Plasmablasts and Memory B Cells Following BCG Vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Bitencourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2021.102109","article-title":"Role of hematopoietic cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"130","author":"Tamburini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09135","article-title":"Quiescent haematopoietic stem cells are activated by IFN-\u03b3 in response to chronic infection","volume":"465","author":"Baldridge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.062","article-title":"M. tuberculosis Reprograms Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Limit Myelopoiesis and Impair Trained Immunity","volume":"183","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-016-0133-4","article-title":"Phenotypic analysis of peripheral B cell populations during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease","volume":"13","author":"Keyser","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3109\/08820130903586346","article-title":"Low number of peripheral blood B lymphocytes in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"39","author":"Velazquez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03834.x","article-title":"Peripheral blood mononuclear cells immunophenotyping in pulmonary tuberculosis patients before and after treatment","volume":"50","author":"Barcelos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.328","article-title":"Immunoglobulin profile and B-cell frequencies are altered with changes in the cellular microenvironment independent of the stimulation conditions","volume":"8","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2012.01.007","article-title":"CD19+CD1d+CD5+ B cell frequencies are increased in patients with tuberculosis and suppress Th17 responses","volume":"274","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joosten, S.A., Van Meijgaarden, K.E., Del Nonno, F., Baiocchini, A., Petrone, L., Vanini, V., Smits, H., Palmieri, F., Goletti, D., and Ottenhoff, T.H.M. (2016). Patients with Tuberculosis Have a Dysfunctional Circulating B-Cell Compartment, Which Normalizes following Successful Treatment. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005687"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Manna, M.P., Orlando, V., Dieli, F., Di Carlo, P., Cascio, A., Cuzzi, G., Palmieri, F., Goletti, D., and Caccamo, N. (2017). Quantitative and qualitative profiles of circulating monocytes may help identifying tuberculosis infection and disease stages. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171358"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021005198","article-title":"FlowCT for the analysis of large immunophenotypic data sets and biomarker discovery in cancer immunology","volume":"6","author":"Botta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15545","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","article-title":"Gene set enrichment analysis: A knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles","volume":"102","author":"Subramanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01012-2016","article-title":"Correlates of tuberculosis risk: Predictive biomarkers for progression to active tuberculosis","volume":"48","author":"Petruccioli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay6485","article-title":"Measles virus infection diminishes preexisting antibodies that offer protection from other pathogens","volume":"366","author":"Mina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay6125","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aay6125","article-title":"Incomplete genetic reconstitution of B cell pools contributes to prolonged immunosuppression after measles","volume":"4","author":"Petrova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a018523","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a018523","article-title":"Novel vaccination strategies against tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Andersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0097","article-title":"Tuberculosis vaccines: Beyond bacille Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin","volume":"366","author":"McShane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-013-0081-8","article-title":"Vaccine Development for Tuberculosis: Current Progress","volume":"73","author":"Orme","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.8.4229-4237.2003","article-title":"Survival, replication, and antibody susceptibility of Ehrlichia chaffeensis outside of host cells","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052288","article-title":"Uptake of Leishmania major by dendritic cells is mediated by Fc\u03b3 receptors and facilitates acquisition of protective immunity","volume":"203","author":"Woelbing","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.01.012","article-title":"Promotion of a Functional B Cell Germinal Center Response after Leishmania Species Co-Infection Is Associated with Lesion Resolution","volume":"180","author":"Boggiatto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-108","article-title":"CD4 T cell activation by B cells in human Leishmania (Viannia)infection","volume":"14","author":"Saravia","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2729","article-title":"Effector and regulatory B cells: Modulators of CD4+ T cell immunity","volume":"10","author":"Lund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200839148","article-title":"How B cells shape the immune response againstMycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"39","author":"Maglione","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1714","article-title":"Follicular B helper T cells in antibody responses and autoimmunity","volume":"5","author":"Vinuesa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101400","article-title":"Follicular helper CD4 T cells (Tfh)","volume":"29","author":"Crotty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075032","article-title":"Germinal centers","volume":"30","author":"Victora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, J., Mehta, S., Bharrhan, S., Chen, Y., Achkar, J.M., Casadevall, A., and Flynn, J. (2014). The Role of B Cells and Humoral Immunity in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.10.005"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0635-8","article-title":"Author Correction: A multi-cohort study of the immune factors associated with M. tuberculosis infection outcomes","volume":"564","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"98","article-title":"B-lymphocytes and co-stimulatory molecules in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"8","author":"Corominas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13490","article-title":"The relationship between absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets and clinical features in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"16","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Respir. J."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/18\/2906\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:33:20Z","timestamp":1760142800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/18\/2906"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11182906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11182906","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]}}}