{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T04:30:03Z","timestamp":1776918603916,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]],"date-time":"2022-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation Innovation Doctoral Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["120820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of KwaZulu Natal, College of Health Sciences Doctoral Research Scholarship","award":["120820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120820"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) comprises a combination of two or three antiretroviral (ARV) drugs that are administered together in a single tablet. These drugs target different steps within the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) life cycle, providing either a synergistic or additive antiviral effect; this enhances the efficiency in which viral replication is suppressed. HIV cannot be completely eliminated, making HAART a lifetime treatment. With long-term HAART usage, an increasing number of patients experience a broadening array of complications, and this significantly affects their quality of life, despite cautious use. The mechanism through which ARV drugs induce toxicity is associated with metabolic complications such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. To address this, it is necessary to improve ARV drug formulation without compromising its efficacy; alternatively, safe supplementary medicine may be a suitable solution. The medicinal plant Moringa oleifera (MO) is considered one of the most important sources of novel nutritionally and pharmacologically active compounds that have been shown to prevent and treat various diseases. MO leaves are rich in polyphenols, vitamins, minerals, and tannins; studies have confirmed the therapeutic properties of MO. MO leaves provide powerful antioxidants, scavenge free radicals, promote carbohydrate metabolism, and repair DNA. MO also induces anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-proliferative, and anti-mutagenic effects. Therefore, MO can be a source of affordable and safe supplement therapy for HAART-induced toxicity. This review highlights the potential of MO leaves to protect against HAART-induced toxicity in HIV patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11192981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]],"date-time":"2022-09-25T21:14:28Z","timestamp":1664140468000},"page":"2981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Potential of Moringa oleifera to Ameliorate HAART-Induced Pathophysiological Complications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8963-5210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siqiniseko S.","family":"Ndlovu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0179-213X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terisha","family":"Ghazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4649-4133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil A.","family":"Chuturgoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2022, June 14). Summary of the Global HIV Epidemic, 2020. World Heath Organisation. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/hiv-aids."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Statssa (2022, June 10). STATISTICAL RELEASE- P0302 Mid-Year Population Estimates, 2021. Department of statistics South Africa, Available online: http:\/\/www.statssa.gov.za\/publications\/P0302\/P03022021.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2022, June 14). Global AIDS Update 2021. UNAIDS Repots. Available online: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60676-9","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy and management of HIV infection","volume":"376","author":"Volberding","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803263381301","article-title":"Declining Morbidity and Mortality among Patients with Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection","volume":"338","author":"Palella","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S39665","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in patients with AIDS\u2014prevalence and severity","volume":"7","author":"Watkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"HIV\/AIDS- Res. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000281","article-title":"Diversity of HIV-1 reservoirs in CD4+ T-cell subpopulations","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.07.001","article-title":"Developing strategies for HIV-1 eradication","volume":"33","author":"Durand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328353b11b","article-title":"Highly active antiretroviral therapy does not completely suppress HIV in semen of sexually active HIV-infected men who have sex with men","volume":"26","author":"Politch","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2016.0138","article-title":"Cytokines, Hepatic Fibrosis, and Antiretroviral Therapy Role in Neurocognitive Disorders HIV Related","volume":"33","author":"Falasca","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0258-2017","article-title":"Metabolic disorders and cardiovascular risk in people living with HIV\/AIDS without the use of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"50","author":"Raposo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohan, J., Ghazi, T., and Chuturgoon, A.A. (2021). A Critical Review of the Biochemical Mechanisms and Epigenetic Modifications in HIV- and Antiretroviral-Induced Metabolic Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222112020"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghislain, M., Bastard, J.-P., Meyer, L., Capeau, J., Fellahi, S., G\u00e9rard, L., May, T., Simon, A., Vigouroux, C., and Goujard, C. (2015). Late Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Initiation Is Associated with Long-Term Persistence of Systemic Inflammation and Metabolic Abnormalities. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144317"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1385\/CT:4:3:303","article-title":"HIV, metabolic syndrome X, inflammation, oxidative stress, and coronary heart disease risk","volume":"4","author":"Hurwitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.06.059","article-title":"Perivascular fat, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy","volume":"168","author":"Longenecker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Examining Relationships between Metabolism and Persistent Inflammation in HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"2018","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.14740\/jem364w","article-title":"Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy-Associated Metabolic Syndrome and Lipodystrophy: Pathophysiology and Current Therapeutic Interventions","volume":"7","author":"Nzuza","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-012-0118-8","article-title":"HIV and Inflammation: Mechanisms and Consequences","volume":"9","author":"Hunt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687275","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2019.1687275","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and chronic inflammation during HIV infection","volume":"8","author":"Romaniuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2016.04.001","article-title":"Moringa oleifera: A review on nutritive importance and its medicinal application","volume":"5","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leone, A., Spada, A., Battezzati, A., Schiraldi, A., Aristil, J., and Bertoli, S. (2016). Moringa oleifera Seeds and Oil: Characteristics and Uses for Human Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17122141"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.06.011","article-title":"Bioactive flavonoids in Moringa oleifera and their health-promoting properties","volume":"47","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6627265","article-title":"Moringa oleifera is a Prominent Source of Nutrients with Potential Health Benefits","volume":"2021","author":"Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milla, P., Pe\u00f1alver, R., and Nieto, G. (2021). Health Benefits of Uses and Applications of Moringa oleifera in Bakery Products. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10020318"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-016-0526-3","article-title":"Phytochemicals of Moringa oleifera: A review of their nutritional, therapeutic and industrial significance","volume":"6","author":"Saini","year":"2016","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"303","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Moringa oleifera Leaves in Two Stages of Maturity","volume":"64","author":"Sreelatha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Veg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, R.J., Lee, K.S., Hyacinth, H.I., Hibbert, J.M., Reid, M.E., Wheatley, A.O., and Asemota, H.N. (2017). An Investigation of the Antioxidant Capacity in Extracts from Moringa oleifera Plants Grown in Jamaica. Plants, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants6040048"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.05.018","article-title":"Bioactive contents and free radical scavenging activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extract under different storage conditions","volume":"49","author":"Vongsak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Chen, G., and Guo, M. (2019). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the crude extracts of Moringa oleifera from Kenya and their correlations with flavonoids. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8080296"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.03.028","article-title":"Moringa infusion (Moringa oleifera) rich in phenolic compounds and high antioxidant capacity attenuate nitric oxide pro-inflammatory mediator in vitro","volume":"118","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071243","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1071243","article-title":"The In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Properties of Moringa oleifera","volume":"2018","author":"Khor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s40495-020-00210-z","article-title":"Emerging Insights into Anticancer Chemopreventive Activities of Nutraceutical Moringa oleifera: Molecular Mechanisms, Signal Transduction and In Vivo Efficacy","volume":"6","author":"Sodvadiya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.537-540","article-title":"Hepatoprotective activity of Moringa oleifera against cadmium toxicity in rats","volume":"8","author":"Toppo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Veter- World"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nova, E., Redondo-Useros, N., Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda, R.M., G\u00f3mez-Mart\u00ednez, S., D\u00edaz-Prieto, L.E., and Marcos, A. (2020). Potential of Moringa oleifera to Improve Glucose Control for the Prevention of Diabetes and Related Metabolic Alterations: A Systematic Review of Animal and Human Studies. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072050"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1015","article-title":"Nutritional compositions of Indian Moringa oleifera seed and antioxidant activity of its polypeptides","volume":"7","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adewumi, O.O., Felix-Minnaar, J.V., and Jideani, V.A. (2022). Functional Properties and Amino Acid Profile of Bambara Groundnut and Moringa oleifera Leaf Protein Complex. Processes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10020205"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.77.3.158","article-title":"Mitochondrial toxicity and HIV therapy","volume":"77","author":"White","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.2174\/138161210793563482","article-title":"Impact of mitochondrial toxicity of HIV-1 antiretroviral drugs on lipodystrophy and metabolic dysregulation","volume":"16","author":"Feeney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17061","DOI":"10.1038\/cddiscovery.2017.61","article-title":"HIV-1-associated inflammation and antiretroviral therapy regulate astrocyte endoplasmic reticulum stress responses","volume":"3","author":"Nooka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2019.1692814","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunctions in HIV infection and antiviral drug treatment","volume":"15","author":"Ganta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2174\/092986711794088371","article-title":"The toxicogenetics of antirretroviral therapy: The evil inside","volume":"18","author":"GMateo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1007\/s40506-019-00203-7","article-title":"Update on Adverse Effects of HIV Integrase Inhibitors","volume":"11","author":"Kolakowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2019.1673367","article-title":"Current and emerging non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for HIV-1 treatment","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003219","article-title":"Tenofovir disoproxil and renal mitochondrial toxicity: More studies in Africans are needed","volume":"36","author":"Post","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.029","article-title":"Highly active antiretroviral therapy drug combination induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in immortalized human blood\u2013brain barrier endothelial cells","volume":"50","author":"Manda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"53","article-title":"Current HIV therapeutics: Mechanistic and chemical determinants of toxicity","volume":"12","author":"Chiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Dev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350801300103","article-title":"Contribution of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress to Cellular Premature Senescence Induced by Antiretroviral Thymidine Analogues","volume":"13","author":"Caron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211796904731","article-title":"Mitochondrial Toxicity in HAART: An Overview of In Vitro Evidence","volume":"17","author":"Nadezda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1039\/C7MB00336F","article-title":"HIV\/HAART-associated oxidative stress is detectable by metabonomics","volume":"13","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. BioSyst."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639378","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.639378","article-title":"Physiologically Relevant Concentrations of Dolutegravir, Emtricitabine, and Efavirenz Induce Distinct Metabolic Alterations in HeLa Epithelial and BV2 Microglial Cells","volume":"12","author":"George","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.3109\/00365540903186181","article-title":"Long term adverse effects related to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: Clinical impact of mitochondrial toxicity","volume":"41","author":"Maagaard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-016-0417-x","article-title":"Drug-Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity","volume":"39","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.3.716-723.2002","article-title":"Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity in human cells treated with tenofovir: Comparison with other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors","volume":"46","author":"Birkus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0325-8","article-title":"A review of the toxicity of HIV medications","volume":"10","author":"Margolis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-7249(02)00003-X","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and antiretroviral nucleoside analog toxicities: What is the evidence?","volume":"1","author":"Dagan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1089\/088922204322749530","article-title":"Mitochondrial Toxicity in Fetal Erythrocebus patas Monkeys Exposed Transplacentally to Zidovudine Plus Lamivudine","volume":"20","author":"Gerschenson","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001466","article-title":"Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-associated renal tubular dysfunction: Noninvasive assessment of mitochondrial injury","volume":"31","author":"Samuels","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis720","article-title":"Changes in Fat Mitochondrial DNA and Function in Subjects Randomized to Abacavir-Lamivudine or Tenofovir DF\u2013Emtricitabine With Atazanavir-Ritonavir or Efavirenz: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5224s, Substudy of A5202","volume":"207","author":"Mccomsey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2009.14","article-title":"Tenofovir renal toxicity targets mitochondria of renal proximal tubules","volume":"89","author":"Kohler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-014-1712-z","article-title":"Tenofovir-induced nephrotoxicity: Incidence, mechanism, risk factors, prognosis and proposed agents for prevention","volume":"70","author":"Jafari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.2174\/1574884714666190905162237","article-title":"Mitochondrial and Oxidative Impacts of Short and Long-term Administration of HAART on HIV Patients","volume":"15","author":"Ikekpeazu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr357","article-title":"Liver toxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy including efavirenz or ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors in a cohort of HIV\/hepatitis C virus co-infected patients","volume":"66","author":"Neukam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00691-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00691-18","article-title":"Combination of Tenofovir and Emtricitabine with Efavirenz Does Not Moderate Inhibitory Effect of Efavirenz on Mitochondrial Function and Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Human T Lymphoblastoid Cell Line","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv098","article-title":"Efavirenz alters mitochondrial respiratory function in cultured neuron and glial cell lines","volume":"70","author":"Funes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.07.016","article-title":"Efavirenz: What is known about the cellular mechanisms responsible for its adverse effects","volume":"812","author":"Apostolova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schank, M., Zhao, J., Moorman, J., and Yao, Z. (2021). The Impact of HIV- and ART-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cellular Senescence and Aging. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010174"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.11.010","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in metabolic disorders\u2014A step towards mitochondria based therapeutic strategies","volume":"1863","author":"Bhatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2015.07.025","article-title":"Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases; a mechanistic insight","volume":"74","author":"Bhat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25149","article-title":"Mitochondrial and Oxidative Stress Response in HepG2 Cells Following Acute and Prolonged Exposure to Antiretroviral Drugs","volume":"116","author":"Nagiah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripathi, A., Thangaraj, A., Chivero, E.T., Periyasamy, P., Callen, S., Burkovetskaya, M.E., Guo, M.-L., and Buch, S. (2019). Antiretroviral-Mediated Microglial Activation Involves Dysregulated Autophagy and Lysosomal Dysfunction. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101168"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-20-61","article-title":"Depletion of the cellular antioxidant system contributes to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate\u2014Induced mitochondrial damage and increased oxido-nitrosative stress in the kidney","volume":"20","author":"Abraham","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462417734099","article-title":"Dolutegravir-induced liver injury leading to sub-acute liver failure requiring transplantation: A case report and review of literature","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofx122","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx122","article-title":"Abacavir\/Dolutegravir\/Lamivudine (Triumeq)\u2013Induced Liver Toxicity in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u2013Infected Patient","volume":"4","author":"Christensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2015.110","article-title":"Lamivudine-Induced Liver Injury","volume":"3","author":"Olaniyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, L., Jin, J., Ferrell, D., Sadic, E., Obregon, D., Smith, A.J., Tan, J., and Giunta, B. (2014). Efavirenz Promotes \u03b2-Secretase Expression and Increased A\u03b21-40,42 via Oxidative Stress and Reduced Microglial Phagocytosis: Implications for HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND). PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095500"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111309","article-title":"Concomitant administration of HAART aggravates anti-Koch-induced oxidative hepatorenal damage via dysregulation of glutathione and elevation of uric acid production","volume":"137","author":"Hamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X12666140402100959","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in HIV Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mak, I.T., Chmielinska, J.J., Spurney, C.F., Weglicki, W.B., and Kramer, J.H. (2018). Combination ART-Induced Oxidative\/Nitrosative Stress, Neurogenic Inflammation and Cardiac Dysfunction in HIV-1 Transgenic (Tg) Rats: Protection by Mg. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082409"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.10.001","article-title":"Systemic Effects of Inflammation on Health during Chronic HIV Infection","volume":"39","author":"Deeks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000019","article-title":"Markers of coagulation and inflammation often remain elevated in ART-treated HIV-infected patients","volume":"9","author":"Funderburg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2019.1605902","article-title":"Does choice of antiretroviral drugs matter for inflammation?","volume":"12","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1086\/652750","article-title":"Pretreatment Levels of Soluble Cellular Receptors and Interleukin-6 Are Associated with HIV Disease Progression in Subjects Treated with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"201","author":"Kalayjian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu238","article-title":"Gut Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction and Innate Immune Activation Predict Mortality in Treated HIV Infection","volume":"210","author":"Hunt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu515","article-title":"Rifaximin has a marginal impact on microbial translocation, T-cell activation and inflammation in HIV-positive immune non-responders to antiretroviral therapy\u2014ACTG A5286","volume":"211","author":"Tenorio","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.10.002","article-title":"Innate immune activation in obesity","volume":"34","author":"Lumeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379024","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/379024","article-title":"Molecular Targets Related to Inflammation and Insulin Resistance and Potential Interventions","volume":"2012","author":"Hirabara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53466-x","article-title":"Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate induces peripheral neuropathy and alters inflammation and mitochondrial biogenesis in the brains of mice","volume":"9","author":"Fields","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.11.029","article-title":"Role for NF-\u03baB inflammatory signalling pathway in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) induced renal damage in rats","volume":"99","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.006","article-title":"Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: How are they linked?","volume":"49","author":"Reuter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00114","article-title":"Effect of Chronic Oxidative Stress on Neuroinflammatory Response Mediated by CD4+T Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"12","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7432797","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7432797","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: What Polyphenols Can Do for Us?","volume":"2016","author":"Hussain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.315896","article-title":"Metabolic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Obesity","volume":"126","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508409","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/508409","article-title":"Mechanisms Linking Inflammation to Insulin Resistance","volume":"2015","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i3.456","article-title":"Oxidative stress, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"6","author":"Tangvarasittichai","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12716","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12716","article-title":"Infliximab ameliorates tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced insulin resistance by attenuating PTP1B activation in 3T3L1 adipocytes in vitro","volume":"88","author":"Kzhyshkowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00514","article-title":"Insulin Resistance in HIV-Patients: Causes and Consequences","volume":"9","author":"Pedro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3844\/ajidsp.2006.187.192","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms for Altered Glucose Homeostasis in HIV Infection","volume":"2","author":"Hruz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/17571472.2017.1302872","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus and type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Avari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lond. J. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e549","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa259","article-title":"The Integrase Inhibitors Dolutegravir and Raltegravir Exert Proadipogenic and Profibrotic Effects and Induce Insulin Resistance in Human\/Simian Adipose Tissue and Human Adipocytes","volume":"71","author":"Gorwood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Wyk, B.-E., and Wink, M. (2018). Medicinal Plants of the World, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781786393258.0000"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12361","DOI":"10.1021\/jf203146e","article-title":"Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants Containing Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6475","article-title":"Biological, nutritional, and therapeutic significance of Moringa oleifera Lam","volume":"33","author":"Dhakad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"127","article-title":"Moringa oleifera as a food fortificant: Recent trends and prospects","volume":"17","author":"Oyeyinka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1108\/NFS-03-2020-0087","article-title":"Bioactive compounds, associated health benefits and safety considerations of Moringa oleifera L.: An updated review","volume":"51","author":"Chhikara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00877","article-title":"Amino acid composition and antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera seed protein isolate and enzymatic hydrolysates","volume":"4","author":"Aderinola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.12.079","article-title":"Multi-functional application of Moringa oleifera Lam. in nutrition and animal food products: A review","volume":"106","author":"Falowo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2018.09.003","article-title":"Polyphenol composition and antimicrobial activity of various solvent extracts from different plant parts of Moringa oleifera","volume":"26","author":"Prabakaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vergara-Jimenez, M., Almatrafi, M.M., and Fernandez, M.L. (2017). Bioactive Components in Moringa oleifera Leaves Protect against Chronic Disease. Antioxidants, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6040091"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/03670240902794598","article-title":"Adoption of Moringa oleifera to Combat Under-Nutrition Viewed Through the Lens of the \u201cDiffusion of Innovations\u201d Theory","volume":"48","author":"Thurber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Food Nutr."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4591","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Moringa oleifera Tissue Extracts","volume":"26","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02935","article-title":"Protective role of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on cardiac antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats","volume":"5","author":"Aju","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2010.1506","article-title":"Leaf Extract of Moringa oleifera Prevents Ionizing Radiation-Induced Oxidative Stress in Mice","volume":"14","author":"Sinha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ferric reducing antioxidant power and free radical scavenging activity of Moringa oleifera: Relevance in oxidative stress","volume":"7","author":"Luqman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Preced."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-018-3093-2","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids from 12 species of Korean mulberry leaves","volume":"55","author":"Ju","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, X.-Y., He, Y.-J., Yang, Y.-H., Yan, X.-P., Li, Z.-B., and Yang, H. (2022). Systematic Identification of Bioactive Compositions in Leaves of Morus Cultivars Using UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS\/MS and Comprehensive Screening of High-Quality Resources. Separations, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations9030076"},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"293","article-title":"Moringa oleifera Enhances Liver Antioxidant Status via Elevation of Antioxidant Enzymes Activity and Counteracts Paracetamol-induced Hepatotoxicity","volume":"16","author":"Uma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malays. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duranti, G., Maldini, M., Crognale, D., Horner, K., Dimauro, I., Sabatini, S., and Ceci, R. (2021). Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract Upregulates Nrf2\/HO-1 Expression and Ameliorates Redox Status in C2C12 Skeletal Muscle Cells. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26165041"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, L., Zhou, Y., Li, W., Zheng, M., Zhong, R., Jin, X., and Lin, Y. (2019). Effect of Moringa oleifera stem extract on hydrogen peroxide-induced opacity of cultured mouse lens. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2555-z"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akter, T., Rahman, M.A., Moni, A., Apu, M.A.I., Fariha, A., Hannan, M.A., and Uddin, M.J. (2021). Prospects for Protective Potential of Moringa oleifera against Kidney Diseases. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10122818"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(02)01173-5","article-title":"Glutathione catabolism as a signaling mechanism","volume":"64","author":"Paolicchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2695","article-title":"Mitochondrial Glutathione, a Key Survival Antioxidant","volume":"11","author":"Morales","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaucher, C., Boudier, A., Bonetti, J., Clarot, I., Leroy, P., and Parent, M. (2018). Glutathione: Antioxidant Properties Dedicated to Nanotechnologies. Antioxidants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7050062"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13291","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R900010200","article-title":"The Nrf2-Antioxidant Response Element Signaling Pathway and Its Activation by Oxidative Stress","volume":"284","author":"Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2012.10.001","article-title":"The Keap1-Nrf2 pathway: Mechanisms of activation and dysregulation in cancer","volume":"1","author":"Kansanen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-019-0301-6","article-title":"Moringa Isothiocyanate Activates Nrf2: Potential Role in Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"21","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1366-2","article-title":"Moringa oleifera Leaves Extract Protects Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles-Induced Nephrotoxicity via Nrf2\/HO-1 Signaling and Amelioration of Oxidative Stress","volume":"187","author":"Abdou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110259","article-title":"The ameliorative impacts of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against oxidative stress and methotrexate-induced hepato-renal dysfunction","volume":"128","author":"Soliman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2018.12.002","article-title":"Evaluation of phytochemical and medicinal properties of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) as a potential functional food","volume":"129","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6228","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.300","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling, liver disease and hepatoprotective agents","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.213","article-title":"NF-\u03baB in the liver\u2014Linking injury, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Luedde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2019.04.012","article-title":"The adaptogenic anti-ageing potential of resveratrol against heat stress-mediated liver injury in aged rats: Role of HSP70 and NF-kB signalling","volume":"83","author":"Khafaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2017.11.002","article-title":"NF-\u03baB in Oxidative Stress","volume":"7","author":"Lingappan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00323","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms of chronic inflammation development","volume":"3","author":"Murakami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span","volume":"25","author":"Furman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2010.03.057","article-title":"Potential anti-inflammatory phenolic glycosides from the medicinal plant Moringa oleifera fruits","volume":"18","author":"Cheenpracha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arulselvan, P., Tan, W.S., Gothai, S., Muniandy, K., Fakurazi, S., Esa, N.M., Alarfaj, A.A., and Kumar, S.S. (2016). Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Moringa oleifera in Downregulating the NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21111452"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uetragoon, T., Pankla Sranujit, R., Noysang, C., Thongsri, Y., Potup, P., Suphrom, N., Nuengchamnong, N., and Usuwanthim, K. (2020). Bioactive Compounds in Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves Inhibit the Pro-Inflammatory Mediators in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25010191"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2020.1813755","article-title":"Comprehensive Review of Bioactive and Molecular Aspects of Moringa Oleifera Lam","volume":"38","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2011.589960","article-title":"Inhibition of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cyclooxygenase-2 and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression by 4-[(2\u2032-O-acetyl-\u03b1-L-Rhamnosyloxy)Benzyl]Isothiocyanate from Moringa oleifera","volume":"63","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaja-Chimedza, A., Graf, B.L., Simmler, C., Kim, Y., Kuhn, P., Pauli, G.F., and Raskin, I. (2017). Biochemical characterization and anti-inflammatory properties of an isothiocyanate-enriched moringa (Moringa oleifera) seed extract. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182658"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0248691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248691","article-title":"Moringa isothiocyanate-1 regulates Nrf2 and NF-\u03baB pathway in response to LPS-driven sepsis and inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Sailaja","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"127","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds on acetic acid-induced acute colitis in rats","volume":"4","author":"Minaiyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Phytomed."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"e00619","article-title":"The lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera blunts streptozocin-induced diabetes in rats through upregulation of GLUT 4 signaling pathway and anti-oxidant effect","volume":"10","author":"Adedapo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518781726","article-title":"Effects of Moringa oleifera leaf powder on metabolic syndrome induced in male Wistar rats: A preliminary study","volume":"46","author":"Huerta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Int. Med Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.149708","article-title":"The molecular basis of the antidiabetic action of quercetin in cultured skeletal muscle cells and hepatocytes","volume":"11","author":"Haddad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vargas-S\u00e1nchez, K., Garay-Jaramillo, E., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Reyes, R.E. (2019). Effects of Moringa oleifera on Glycaemia and Insulin Levels: A Review of Animal and Human Studies. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122907"},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"280353","article-title":"Acute Liver Toxicity due to Efavirenz\/Emtricitabine\/Tenofovir","volume":"2015","author":"Patil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiwandire, N., Zungu, N., Mabaso, M., and Chasela, C. (2021). Trends, prevalence and factors associated with hypertension and diabetes among South African adults living with HIV, 2005\u20132017. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10502-8"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamuhla, T., Dave, J.A., Raubenheimer, P., and Tiffin, N. (2021). Diabetes in a TB and HIV-endemic South African population: Analysis of a virtual cohort using routine health data. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251303"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154985","article-title":"Metabolic complications of highly active antiretroviral therapy in adult HIV-infected patients with heart failure: A 7-year prospective cohort study","volume":"128","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandoval, M.A., and Jimeno, C.A. (2013). Effect of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Capsules on Lipid and Glucose Levels. Acta Med. Philipp., 47.","DOI":"10.47895\/amp.v47i3.1285"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6581390","article-title":"Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Capsules on Glycemic Control in Therapy-Na\u00efve Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Study","volume":"2017","author":"Taweerutchana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fungtammasan, S., and Phupong, V. (2021). The effect of Moringa oleifera capsule in increasing breastmilk volume in early postpartum patients: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248950"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.40486","article-title":"Antiasthmatic activity of Moringa oleifera Lam: A clinical study","volume":"40","author":"Mehta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1920-z","article-title":"Impact of Moringa oleifera lam. Leaf powder supplementation versus nutritional counseling on the body mass index and immune response of HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy: A single-blind randomized control trial","volume":"17","author":"Tshingani","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambo, A., Moodley, I., Babashani, M., Babalola, T.K., and Gqaleni, N. (2021). A double-blind, randomized controlled trial to examine the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder supplementation on the immune status and anthropometric parameters of adult HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in a resource-limited setting. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261935"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5935\/1518-0557.20210032","article-title":"Moringa oleifera restored semen quality, hormonal profile, and testicular morphology against Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy-induced toxicity in adult male Wistar rats","volume":"26","author":"Ogunlade","year":"2022","journal-title":"JBRA Assist. Reprod."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/19\/2981\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:38:51Z","timestamp":1760143131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/19\/2981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11192981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11192981","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]]}}}