{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T12:00:45Z","timestamp":1793016045522,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Sciences (CIFMS)","award":["2021-I2M-1-026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-026"]}]},{"name":"Medical Sciences (CIFMS)","award":["2022-I2M-JB-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-I2M-JB-012"]}]},{"name":"Medical Sciences (CIFMS)","award":["2022-I2M-2-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-I2M-2-002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of obesity has reached alarming levels, which is considered a major risk factor for several metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic fatty liver, atherosclerosis, and ischemic cardiovascular disease. Obesity-induced chronic, low-grade inflammation may lead to insulin resistance, and it is well-recognized that macrophages play a major role in such inflammation. In the current review, the molecular mechanisms underlying macrophages, low-grade tissue inflammation, insulin resistance, and T2D are described. Also, the role of macrophages in obesity-induced insulin resistance is presented, and therapeutic drugs and recent advances targeting macrophages for the treatment of T2D are introduced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T21:23:27Z","timestamp":1664313807000},"page":"3001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":264,"title":["Macrophages, Chronic Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"He","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuwang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong DYNE Marine Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Rongcheng 264300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wensheng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.09.005","article-title":"The epidemiology of obesity","volume":"92","author":"Chooi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964236","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/964236","article-title":"Overweight and obesity epidemic in developing countries: A problem with diet, physical activity, or socioeconomic status?","volume":"2014","author":"Bhurosy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. 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