{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T07:26:30Z","timestamp":1762068390995,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["CMRPG3E2131","CMRPG3F221","CMRPG3K2351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3E2131","CMRPG3F221","CMRPG3K2351"]}]},{"name":"Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","award":["CMRPG3E2131","CMRPG3F221","CMRPG3K2351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3E2131","CMRPG3F221","CMRPG3K2351"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The biochemical identification of carotid artery stenosis (CAS) is still a challenge. Hence, 349 male subjects (176 normal controls and 173 stroke patients with extracranial CAS \u2265 50% diameter stenosis) were recruited. Blood samples were collected 14 days after stroke onset with no acute illness. Carotid plaque score (\u22652, \u22655 and \u22658) was used to define CAS severity. Serum metabolites were analyzed using a targeted Absolute IDQ\u00aep180 kit. Results showed hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and alcohol consumption were more common, but levels of diastolic blood pressure, HDL-C, LDL-C, and cholesterol were lower in CAS patients than controls (p &lt; 0.05), suggesting intensive medical treatment for CAS. PCA and PLS-DA did not demonstrate clear separation between controls and CAS patients. Decision tree and random forest showed that acylcarnitine species (C4, C14:1, C18), amino acids and biogenic amines (SDMA), and glycerophospholipids (PC aa C36:6, PC ae C34:3) contributed to the prediction of CAS. Metabolite panel analysis showed high specificity (0.923 \u00b1 0.081, 0.906 \u00b1 0.086 and 0.881 \u00b1 0.109) but low sensitivity (0.230 \u00b1 0.166, 0.240 \u00b1 0.176 and 0.271 \u00b1 0.169) in the detection of CAS (\u22652, \u22655 and \u22658, respectively). The present study suggests that metabolomics profiles could help in differentiating between controls and CAS patients and in monitoring the progression of CAS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T21:23:27Z","timestamp":1664313807000},"page":"3022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Identification of Metabolomics Biomarkers in Extracranial Carotid Artery Stenosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2722-0164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Ni","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai-Cheng","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Artificial Intelligence Center for Medical Diagnosis, and Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8215-721X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo-Lun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Cheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Lun","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsong-Hai","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30034-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Collaborators","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319717738687","article-title":"Causes of death in different subtypes of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.1081","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies a variant in hdac9 associated with large vessel ischemic stroke","volume":"44","author":"Bellenguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. 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