{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:30:20Z","timestamp":1787315420396,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kuwait Foundation for Advancement of Sciences","award":["RA 2010\u2013003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RA 2010\u2013003"]}]},{"name":"Kuwait Foundation for Advancement of Sciences","award":["RA AM 2016-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RA AM 2016-007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic low-grade inflammation induced by obesity is a central risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome. High low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) induces inflammation, which is a common denominator in metabolic syndrome. IL-23 plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of meta-inflammatory diseases; however, its relationship with LDL-c remains elusive. In this cross-sectional study, we determined whether the adipose tissue IL-23 expression was associated with other inflammatory mediators in people with increased plasma LDL-c concentrations. Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were collected from 60 people, sub-divided into two groups based on their plasma LDL-c concentrations (&lt;2.9 and \u22652.9 mmol\/L). Adipose expression of IL-23 and inflammatory markers were determined using real-time qRT-PCR; plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and LDL-c were determined using the standard method; and adiponectin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Adipose IL-23 transcripts were found to be increased in people with high LDL-c, compared to low LDL-c group (H-LDL-c: 1.63 \u00b1 0.10\u2013Fold; L-LDL-c: 1.27 \u00b1 0.09\u2013Fold; p &lt; 0.01); IL-23 correlated positively with LDL-c (r = 0.471, p &lt; 0.0001). Immunochemistry analysis showed that AT IL-23 protein expression was also elevated in the people with H-LDL-c. IL-23 expression in the high LDL-c group was associated with multiple adipose inflammatory biomarkers (p \u2264 0.05), including macrophage markers (CD11c, CD68, CD86, CD127), TLRs (TLR8, TLR10), IRF3, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-12, IL-18), and chemokines (CXCL8, CCL3, CCL5, CCL15, CCL20). Notably, in this cohort, IL-23 expression correlated inversely with plasma adiponectin. In conclusion, adipose IL-23 may be an inflammatory biomarker for disease progression in people with high LDL-c.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T21:03:10Z","timestamp":1664485390000},"page":"3072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Increased Adipose Tissue Expression of IL-23 Associates with Inflammatory Markers in People with High LDL Cholesterol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shihab","family":"Kochumon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1793-7794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5825-7701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatema","family":"Al-Rashed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9936-1575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sardar","family":"Sindhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Imaging Core Facilities, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9933-0285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reeby","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Texy","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6854-0746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amnah","family":"Al-Sayyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6414-0916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Arefanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8593-3878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf","family":"Al Madhoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Imaging Core Facilities, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebaa","family":"Al-Ozairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3056-3640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fawaz","family":"Alzaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Immunity & Metabolism of Diabetes (IMMEDIAB), Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7870-070X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heikki A.","family":"Koistinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5409-3829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahd","family":"Al-Mulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaakko","family":"Tuomilehto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5746-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasheed","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.10.003","article-title":"Understanding the il-23-il-17 immune pathway","volume":"27","author":"McKenzie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S62870","article-title":"Current perspective on the 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