{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:07:52Z","timestamp":1790327272509,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation","award":["P30DA046345-R. Mach, PI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DA046345-R. Mach, PI"]}]},{"name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation","award":["K23DA038726-J. Dubroff, PI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DA038726-J. Dubroff, PI"]}]},{"name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation","award":["KO1DA040023-R. Doot, PI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KO1DA040023-R. Doot, PI"]}]},{"name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation","award":["I. Nasrallah, PI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I. Nasrallah, PI"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","award":["P30DA046345-R. Mach, PI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DA046345-R. Mach, PI"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","award":["K23DA038726-J. Dubroff, PI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DA038726-J. Dubroff, PI"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","award":["KO1DA040023-R. Doot, PI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KO1DA040023-R. Doot, PI"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","award":["I. Nasrallah, PI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I. Nasrallah, PI"]}]},{"name":"American Society of Neuroradiology","award":["P30DA046345-R. Mach, PI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DA046345-R. Mach, PI"]}]},{"name":"American Society of Neuroradiology","award":["K23DA038726-J. Dubroff, PI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DA038726-J. Dubroff, PI"]}]},{"name":"American Society of Neuroradiology","award":["KO1DA040023-R. Doot, PI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KO1DA040023-R. Doot, PI"]}]},{"name":"American Society of Neuroradiology","award":["I. Nasrallah, PI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I. Nasrallah, PI"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroinflammation is implicated as a key pathologic mechanism in many neurodegenerative diseases and is thought to be mediated in large part by microglia, native phagocytic immune cells of the CNS. Abnormal aggregation of the protein \u03b1-synuclein after phagocytosis by microglia is one possible neuropathophysiological mechanism driving Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). We conducted a human pilot study to evaluate the feasibility of targeting the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase using the [18F]NOS radiotracer to measure neuroinflammation in idiopathic PD. Ten adults consisting of 6 PD patients and 4 healthy controls (HC) underwent one hour of dynamic [18F]NOS positron emission tomography (PET) brain imaging with arterial blood sampling. We observed increased [18F]NOS whole brain distribution volume (VT) in PD patients compared to age-matched healthy controls (p &lt; 0.008) via a 1-tissue compartment (TC) model. The rate constant K1 for transport from blood into tissue did not differ between groups (p = 0.72). These findings suggest elevated oxidative stress, a surrogate marker of inflammation, is present in early-stage idiopathic PD and indicate that [18F]NOS PET imaging is a promising, non-invasive method to measure neuroinflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T01:52:21Z","timestamp":1665193941000},"page":"3081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["[18F]NOS PET Brain Imaging Suggests Elevated Neuroinflammation in Idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1747-239X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert K.","family":"Doot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nuclear Medicine Imaging and Therapy, Department of Radiology in the Perelman, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3209-1034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nuclear Medicine Imaging and Therapy, Department of Radiology in the Perelman, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2346-7562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilya M.","family":"Nasrallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nuclear Medicine Imaging and Therapy, Department of Radiology in the Perelman, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1991-6292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reagan R.","family":"Wetherill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Siderowf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7645-2869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert H.","family":"Mach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nuclear Medicine Imaging and Therapy, Department of Radiology in the Perelman, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob G.","family":"Dubroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nuclear Medicine Imaging and Therapy, Department of Radiology in the Perelman, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.231340","article-title":"Individual Mapping of Innate Immune Cell Activation Is a Candidate Marker of Patient-Specific Trajectories of Worsening Disability in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"61","author":"Bodini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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