{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T23:57:37Z","timestamp":1770335857420,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["SFB 1158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB 1158"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council (CSC)","award":["SFB 1158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB 1158"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physical activity-based rehabilitative interventions represent the main treatment concept for people suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI). The role such interventions play in the relief of neuropathic pain (NP) states is emerging, along with underlying mechanisms resulting in SCI-induced NP (SCI-NP). Animal models have been used to investigate the benefits of activity-based interventions (ABI), such as treadmill training, wheel running, walking, swimming, and bipedal standing. These activity-based paradigms have been shown to modulate inflammatory-related alterations as well as induce functional and structural changes in the spinal cord gray matter circuitry correlated with pain behaviors. Thus far, the research available provides an incomplete picture of the cellular and molecular pathways involved in this beneficial effect. Continued research is essential for understanding how such interventions benefit SCI patients suffering from NP and allow the development of individualized rehabilitative therapies. This article reviews preclinical studies on this specific topic, goes over mechanisms involved in SCI-NP in relation to ABI, and then discusses the effectiveness of different activity-based paradigms as they relate to different forms, intensity, initiation times, and duration of ABI. This article also summarizes the mechanisms of respective interventions to ameliorate NP after SCI and provides suggestions for future research directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T01:52:21Z","timestamp":1665193941000},"page":"3087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Impact of Activity-Based Interventions on Neuropathic Pain in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1335-4724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Weidner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7674-8064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radhika","family":"Puttagunta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000062826.70846.8D","article-title":"Defining neuropathic pain","volume":"97","author":"Backonja","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000783","article-title":"Neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: The impact of sensorimotor activity","volume":"158","author":"Nees","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(00)29033-X","article-title":"Pain following spinal cord injury: Pathophysiology and central mechanisms","volume":"129","author":"Yezierski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101161","article-title":"Pain and dysesthesia in patients with spinal cord injury: A postal survey","volume":"39","author":"Finnerup","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spinal. Cord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.21855","article-title":"Chronic pain associated with spinal cord injuries: A community survey","volume":"82","author":"Turner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.136","article-title":"Management of neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury: Now and in the future","volume":"47","author":"Siddall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal. Cord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.905","article-title":"Neuropathic pain prevalence following spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Burke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.11.1524","article-title":"Advances in neuropathic pain: Diagnosis, mechanisms, and treatment recommendations","volume":"60","author":"Dworkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.09.008","article-title":"Phenotypes and predictors of pain following traumatic spinal cord injury: A prospective study","volume":"15","author":"Finnerup","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.156","article-title":"International spinal cord injury pain classification: Part I. Background and description","volume":"50","author":"Bryce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal. Cord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt.15.47","article-title":"Spinal cord injury-induced pain: Mechanisms and treatments","volume":"5","author":"Siddall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh160","article-title":"Three exercise paradigms differentially improve sensory recovery after spinal cord contusion in rats","volume":"127","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.09.030","article-title":"Peripheral and central sensitization in remote spinal cord regions contribute to central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury","volume":"147","author":"Carlton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.167","article-title":"Exercise therapy and recovery after SCI: Evidence that shows early intervention improves recovery of function","volume":"49","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spinal. Cord."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.02.013","article-title":"Acute exercise prevents the development of neuropathic pain and the sprouting of non-peptidergic (GDNF- and artemin-responsive) c-fibers after spinal cord injury","volume":"255","author":"Detloff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3692","article-title":"An Intensive Locomotor Training Paradigm Improves Neuropathic Pain following Spinal Cord Compression Injury in Rats","volume":"32","author":"Dugan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314562110","article-title":"BDNF Induced by Treadmill Training Contributes to the Suppression of Spasticity and Allodynia After Spinal Cord Injury via Upregulation of KCC2","volume":"29","author":"Tashiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural. Repair"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315619698","article-title":"Delayed Exercise Is Ineffective at Reversing Aberrant Nociceptive Afferent Plasticity or Neuropathic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats","volume":"30","author":"Detloff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural. Repair"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000422","article-title":"Early-onset treadmill training reduces mechanical allodynia and modulates calcitonin gene-related peptide fiber density in lamina III\/IV in a mouse model of spinal cord contusion injury","volume":"157","author":"Nees","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5431","article-title":"Sensorimotor Activity Partially Ameliorates Pain and Reduces Nociceptive Fiber Density in the Chronically Injured Spinal Cord","volume":"35","author":"Sliwinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5537","article-title":"The Amelioration of Pain-Related Behavior in Mice with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Treated with Neural Stem\/Progenitor Cell Transplantation Combined with Treadmill Training","volume":"35","author":"Tashiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5819","article-title":"Exercise-Induced Changes to the Macrophage Response in the Dorsal Root Ganglia Prevent Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"36","author":"Chhaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113208","article-title":"Mutually beneficial effects of intensive exercise and GABAergic neural progenitor cell transplants in reducing neuropathic pain and spinal pathology in rats with spinal cord injury","volume":"327","author":"Dugan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744806920924511","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806920924511","article-title":"Exercise training modulates glutamic acid decarboxylase-65\/67 expression through TrkB signaling to ameliorate neuropathic pain in rats with spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7378","article-title":"Intensive Locomotor Training Provides Sustained Alleviation of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury-Associated Neuropathic Pain: A Two-Year Pre-Clinical Study","volume":"38","author":"Dugan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113533","article-title":"Voluntary wheel running preserves lumbar perineuronal nets, enhances motor functions and prevents hyperreflexia after spinal cord injury","volume":"336","author":"Penas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.08.007","article-title":"Mechanisms of Below-Level Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)","volume":"21","author":"Vierck","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114105","article-title":"Voluntary exercise ameliorates neuropathic pain by suppressing calcitonin gene-related peptide and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 overexpression in the lumbar dorsal horns in response to injury to the cervical spinal cord","volume":"354","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiffen, P.J., Derry, S., Moore, R.A., Aldington, D., Cole, P., Rice, A.S., Lunn, M.P., Hamunen, K., Haanpaa, M., and Kalso, E.A. (2013). Antiepileptic drugs for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia\u2014An overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane. Database Syst. Rev., CD010567.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010567"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.77.3.0373","article-title":"Intractable pain of spinal cord origin: Clinical features and implications for surgery","volume":"77","author":"Tasker","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenggenhager, B., Pazzaglia, M., Scivoletto, G., Molinari, M., and Aglioti, S.M. (2012). The sense of the body in individuals with spinal cord injury. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050757"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1996.102","article-title":"Sensory deprivation in spinal cord injury--an essay","volume":"34","author":"Crossman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spinal. Cord."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.07019.x","article-title":"Sensorimotor training promotes functional recovery and somatosensory cortical map reactivation following cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"Martinez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp085","article-title":"Differential effects of anti-Nogo-A antibody treatment and treadmill training in rats with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"132","author":"Maier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.03.012","article-title":"Sequential therapy of anti-Nogo-A antibody treatment and treadmill training leads to cumulative improvements after spinal cord injury in rats","volume":"292","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02628-y","article-title":"Activation of Three Major Signaling Pathways After Endurance Training and Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"59","author":"Bacova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.07.004","article-title":"Treadmill training induced lumbar motoneuron dendritic plasticity and behavior recovery in adult rats after a thoracic contusive spinal cord injury","volume":"271","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.02.043","article-title":"Early exercise in spinal cord injured rats induces allodynia through TrkB signaling","volume":"381","author":"Endo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3082","article-title":"Novel multi-system functional gains via task specific training in spinal cord injured male rats","volume":"31","author":"Ward","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4307694","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4307694","article-title":"Training-Induced Functional Gains following SCI","volume":"2016","author":"Ward","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural. Plast."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.187","article-title":"Animal models of spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Khormali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spinal. Cord."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.12.016","article-title":"Neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury and physical exercise in animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"108","author":"Palandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10736","article-title":"Rats and mice exhibit distinct inflammatory reactions after spinal cord injury","volume":"462","author":"Sroga","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.07.011","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury in mice with human immune systems","volume":"271","author":"Carpenter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.04.014","article-title":"Pain behaviors after spinal cord contusion injury in two commonly used mouse strains","volume":"206","author":"Kerr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1159\/000509716","article-title":"Different Innate Immune Responses in BALB\/c and C57BL\/6 Strains following Corneal Transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Bleul","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.01.024","article-title":"Behavioural characterization of C57BL\/6N and BALB\/c female mice in social home cage\u2014Effect of mixed housing in complex environment","volume":"188","author":"Heinla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.08.013","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain with neuropathic characteristics in the general population","volume":"136","author":"Bouhassira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000233","article-title":"The changing demographics of traumatic spinal cord injury: An 11-year study of 831 patients","volume":"38","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Spinal. Cord. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-0633-4","article-title":"Neuropathic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury: Challenges and Research Perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Shiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.08.072","article-title":"Sex differences in effects of excitotoxic spinal injury on below-level pain sensitivity","volume":"1419","author":"Cannon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.05.011","article-title":"Exploring acute-to-chronic neuropathic pain in rats after contusion spinal cord injury","volume":"295","author":"Gaudet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6931","article-title":"Effect of Sex on Motor Function, Lesion Size, and Neuropathic Pain after Contusion Spinal Cord Injury in Mice","volume":"37","author":"McFarlane","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23881","article-title":"Neuropathic pain following traumatic spinal cord injury: Models, measurement, and mechanisms","volume":"95","author":"Kramer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.85","article-title":"Behavioral testing in rodent models of orofacial neuropathic and inflammatory pain","volume":"2","author":"Krzyzanowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-021-00616-6","article-title":"Assessment of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury using quantitative pain drawings","volume":"59","author":"Rosner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spinal. Cord."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.21","article-title":"Screening for neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury with the spinal cord injury pain instrument (SCIPI): A preliminary validation study","volume":"52","author":"Bryce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spinal. Cord."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744806918763658","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806918763658","article-title":"A deep neural network to assess spontaneous pain from mouse facial expressions","volume":"14","author":"Tuttle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13894","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32297-2","article-title":"Grading facial expression is a sensitive means to detect grimace differences in orofacial pain in a rat model","volume":"8","author":"Sperry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-CM-19-000062","article-title":"The Study of Pain in Rats and Mice","volume":"69","author":"Larson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470942390.mo110217","article-title":"Health Evaluation of Experimental Laboratory Mice","volume":"2","author":"Burkholder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6316","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4912-13.2014","article-title":"Differences in the phagocytic response of microglia and peripheral macrophages after spinal cord injury and its effects on cell death","volume":"34","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00490-5","article-title":"The role of neuroinflammation and neuroimmune activation in persistent pain","volume":"90","author":"DeLeo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.07.016","article-title":"Gliopathy ensures persistent inflammation and chronic pain after spinal cord injury","volume":"214","author":"Hulsebosch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl296","article-title":"The cellular inflammatory response in human spinal cords after injury","volume":"129","author":"Fleming","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20855","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha contributes to below-level neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury","volume":"59","author":"Peng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2234","article-title":"Interactions between the immune and nervous systems in pain","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666160330105132","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise Treatments After Injury: The Dual Role of Neurotrophic Factors","volume":"15","author":"Cobianchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8881","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-26-08881.2003","article-title":"Upregulation of sodium channel Nav1.3 and functional involvement in neuronal hyperexcitability associated with central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury","volume":"23","author":"Hains","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-012-0259-x","article-title":"Spinal cord injury pain: Mechanisms and management","volume":"16","author":"Finnerup","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-8-64","article-title":"Non-peptidergic primary afferents are presynaptic to neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactive lamina I projection neurons in rat spinal cord","volume":"8","author":"Saeed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00339.2004","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor activation produces PKA- and PKC-dependent mechanical hyperalgesia and central sensitization","volume":"92","author":"Sun","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akay, T., and Murray, A.J. (2021). Relative Contribution of Proprioceptive and Vestibular Sensory Systems to Locomotion: Opportunities for Discovery in the Age of Molecular Science. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031467"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/laban.662","article-title":"Effects of experimental housing conditions on recovery of laboratory mice","volume":"44","author":"Jirkof","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manouze, H., Ghestem, A., Poillerat, V., Bennis, M., Ba-M\u2019hamed, S., Benoliel, J.J., Becker, C., and Bernard, C. (2019). Effects of Single Cage Housing on Stress, Cognitive, and Seizure Parameters in the Rat and Mouse Pilocarpine Models of Epilepsy. eNeuro, 6.","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0179-18.2019"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1258\/la.2012.012027","article-title":"Individual housing of female mice: Influence on postsurgical behaviour and recovery","volume":"46","author":"Jirkof","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2013-1139","article-title":"Animal models of anxiety disorders and stress","volume":"35","author":"Campos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.01.008","article-title":"Mice subjected to uncontrollable electric shocks show depression-like behaviors irrespective of their state of helplessness","volume":"322","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/19\/3087\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:44:43Z","timestamp":1760143483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/19\/3087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11193087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11193087","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]}}}