{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T20:57:10Z","timestamp":1770843430849,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic disease characterized by autoimmune responses, vasculopathy and tissue fibrosis. The pathogenic mechanisms involve a wide range of cells and soluble factors. The complexity of interactions leads to heterogeneous clinical features in terms of the extent, severity, and rate of progression of skin fibrosis and internal organ involvement. Available disease-modifying drugs have only modest effects on halting disease progression and may be associated with significant side effects. Therefore, cellular therapies have been developed aiming at the restoration of immunologic self-tolerance in order to provide durable remissions or to foster tissue regeneration. Currently, SSc is recommended as the \u2018standard indication\u2019 for autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation by the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. This review provides an overview on cellular therapies in SSc, from pre-clinical models to clinical applications, opening towards more advanced cellular therapies, such as mesenchymal stem cells, regulatory T cells and potentially CAR-T-cell therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11213346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T08:19:06Z","timestamp":1666599546000},"page":"3346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Cellular-Based Therapies in Systemic Sclerosis: From Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant to Innovative Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematopoietic and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonina","family":"Minniti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, ASST G. Pini-CTO, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1193-0097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1549-8852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Del Papa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, ASST G. Pini-CTO, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6117-5328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaella","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematopoietic and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of The Autoimmune Diseases Working Party (ADWP) of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0806188","article-title":"Scleroderma","volume":"360","author":"Gabrielli","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. 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