{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:40:32Z","timestamp":1788957632747,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jeffrey Modell Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>B cells and antibodies are indispensable for host immunity. Our understanding of the mechanistic processes that underpin how B cells operate has left an indelible mark on the field of clinical pathology, and recently has also dramatically reshaped the therapeutic landscape of diseases that were once considered incurable. Evaluating patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID)\/inborn errors of immunity (IEI) that primarily affect B cells, offers us an opportunity to further our understanding of how B cells develop, mature, function and, in certain instances, cause further disease. In this review we provide a brief compendium of IEI that principally affect B cells at defined stages of their developmental pathway, and also attempt to offer some educated viewpoints on how the management of these disorders could evolve over the years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11213353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T11:53:55Z","timestamp":1666612435000},"page":"3353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Clinical Aspects of B Cell Immunodeficiencies: The Past, the Present and the Future"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Aisha","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Lippner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4442-8194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaruni","family":"Khanolkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Abbas, A.K., Lichtman, A.H., and Pillai, S. (2021). 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