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Retinal organoids can be assembled with brain organoids, the 3D self-assembled aggregates derived from hPSCs containing different cell types and cytoarchitectures that resemble the human embryonic brain. Recent studies have shown the development of optic cups in brain organoids. The cellular components of a developing optic vesicle-containing organoids include primitive corneal epithelial and lens-like cells, retinal pigment epithelia, retinal progenitor cells, axon-like projections, and electrically active neuronal networks. The importance of retinal organoids in ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt disease, retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetic retinopathy are described in this review. This review highlights current developments in retinal organoid techniques, and their applications in ocular conditions such as disease modeling, gene therapy, drug screening and development. In addition, recent advancements in utilizing extracellular vesicles secreted by retinal organoids for ocular disease treatments are summarized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11213429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T04:57:34Z","timestamp":1667105854000},"page":"3429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Bioengineering Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Organoids and Optic Vesicle-Containing Brain Organoids for Ocular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6225-2639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peggy","family":"Arthur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laureana","family":"Muok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aakash","family":"Nathani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric Z.","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8228-7487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9192-8143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mandip","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.118570","article-title":"Modeling mouse and human development using organoid cultures","volume":"142","author":"Huch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247125","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1247125","article-title":"Organogenesis in a dish: Modeling development and disease using organoid technologies","volume":"345","author":"Lancaster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C151","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00120.2020","article-title":"A brief history of organoids","volume":"319","author":"Novellasdemunt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. 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