{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T02:20:44Z","timestamp":1790648444503,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C2099718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C2099718"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1A6A1A03040260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A6A1A03040260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021IP0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021IP0015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C2099718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C2099718"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1A6A1A03040260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A6A1A03040260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021IP0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021IP0015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005006","name":"Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C2099718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C2099718"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005006","name":"Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1A6A1A03040260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A6A1A03040260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005006","name":"Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021IP0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021IP0015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Recently, the duodenum has garnered interest for its role in treating metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Multiple sessions of external photobiomodulation (PBM) in previous animal studies suggested it resulted in improved hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance with a multifactorial mechanism of action, despite the target organ of PBM not being clearly proven. This study aimed to determine whether a single session of a duodenal light-emitting diode (LED) PBM may impact the T2DM treatment in an animal model. Methods: Goto\u2013Kakizaki rats as T2DM models were subjected to PBM through duodenal lumen irradiation, sham procedure, or control in 1-week pilot (630 nm, 850 nm, or 630\/850 nm) and 4-week follow-up (630 nm or 630\/850 nm) studies. Oral glucose tolerance tests; serum glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, and insulin levels; liver chemistry and histology; and gut microbiome in the PBM, sham control, and control groups were evaluated. Results: In the 1-week study, duodenal dual-wavelength (D, 630\/850 nm) LED PBM showed improved glucose intolerance, alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol levels, and weight gain than other groups. The D-LED PBM group in the 4-week study also showed improved hyperglycemia and liver enzyme levels, with relatively preserved pancreatic islets and increased serum insulin and GLP-1 levels. Five genera (Bacteroides, Escherichia, Parabacteroides, Allobaculum, and Faecalibaculum) were significantly enriched 1 week after the D-LED PBM. Bacteroides acidifaciens significantly increased, while Lachnospiraceae significantly decreased after 1 week. Conclusion: A single session of D-LED PBM improved hyperglycemia and hepatic parameters through the change of serum insulin, insulin resistance, insulin expression in the pancreatic \u03b2-cells, and gut microbiome in T2DM animal models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11213490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T03:28:10Z","timestamp":1667532490000},"page":"3490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Duodenal Dual-Wavelength Photobiomodulation Improves Hyperglycemia and Hepatic Parameters with Alteration of Gut Microbiome in Type 2 Diabetes Animal Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Se Hee","family":"Min","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4640-7266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhee","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Ju","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Sil","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Yong","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Mun","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Yeob","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0270-6969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Do Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1974","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes in the Real World: The Elusive Nature of Glycemic Control","volume":"40","author":"Edelman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2337\/diaspect.27.2.92","article-title":"Update on Safety Issues Related to Antihyperglycemic Therapy","volume":"27","author":"Carpio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.119","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying weight loss after bariatric surgery","volume":"10","author":"Miras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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