{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T08:40:39Z","timestamp":1762072839316,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["PRIN 2017CH4RNP_001","FESR FSE 2014\u20132020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2017CH4RNP_001","FESR FSE 2014\u20132020"]}]},{"name":"European Commission","award":["PRIN 2017CH4RNP_001","FESR FSE 2014\u20132020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2017CH4RNP_001","FESR FSE 2014\u20132020"]}]},{"name":"Regione Calabria","award":["PRIN 2017CH4RNP_001","FESR FSE 2014\u20132020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2017CH4RNP_001","FESR FSE 2014\u20132020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unverricht-Lundborg disease (ULD), also known as progressive myoclonic epilepsy 1 (EPM1), is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a complex symptomatology that includes action- and stimulus-sensitive myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. The main cause of the onset and development of ULD is a repeat expansion of a dodecamer sequence localized in the promoter region of the gene encoding cystatin B (CSTB), an inhibitor of lysosomal proteases. Although this is the predominant mutation found in most patients, the physio-pathological mechanisms underlying the disease complexity remain largely unknown. In this work, we used patient-specific iPSCs and their neuronal derivatives to gain insight into the molecular and genetic machinery responsible for the disease in two Italian siblings affected by different phenotypes of ULD. Specifically, fragment length analysis on amplified CSTB promoters found homozygous status for dodecamer expansion in both patients and showed that the number of dodecamer repeats is the same in both. Furthermore, the luciferase reporter assay showed that the CSTB promoter activity was similarly reduced in both lines compared to the control. This information allowed us to draw important conclusions: (1) the phenotypic differences of the patients do not seem to be strictly dependent on the genetic mutation around the CSTB gene, and (2) that some other molecular mechanisms, not yet clearly identified, might be taken into account. In line with the inhibitory role of cystatin B on cathepsins, molecular investigations performed on iPSCs-derived neurons showed an increased expression of lysosomal cathepsins (B, D, and L) and a reduced expression of CSTB protein. Intriguingly, the increase in cathepsin expression does not appear to be correlated with the residual amount of CSTB, suggesting that other mechanisms, in addition to the regulation of cathepsins, could be involved in the pathological complexity of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11213491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T03:28:10Z","timestamp":1667532490000},"page":"3491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Insights into the Genetic Profile of Two Siblings Affected by Unverricht-Lundborg Disease Using Patient-Derived hiPSCs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7350-3835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Lucchino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3239-3745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana","family":"Scaramuzzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6979-1486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Scalise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2717-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Lo Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1919-3212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Zannino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgia Lucia","family":"Benedetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4574-2951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umberto","family":"Aguglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Ferlazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6313-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8145-3623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira Immacolata","family":"Parrotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2016.0841","article-title":"Unverricht-Lundborg Disease","volume":"18","author":"Crespel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2016.0834","article-title":"The History of Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsies","volume":"18","author":"Genton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00201568","article-title":"PME of Unverricht-Lundborg Type in the Mediterranean Region: Linkage and Linkage Disequilibrium Confirm the Assignment to the EPM1 Locus","volume":"93","author":"Lehesjoki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum. 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