{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:20:34Z","timestamp":1790274034370,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]],"date-time":"2022-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The loss of CD47 on aging cells serves as a signal to macrophages to eliminate the target. Therefore, CD47 is a \u201cdo-not-eat-me\u201d sign preventing macrophagal phagocytosis via interaction with its ligand SIRP\u03b1. Malignant lymphocytes of mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome express CD47 highly, thus, being ideal candidates for targeted anti-CD47 therapies. The classes of current anti-CD47-SIRP\u03b1 therapeutic molecules present in a large variety and include monoclonal antibodies against CD47 and SIRP\u03b1, bioengineered SIRP\u03b1 proteins, miRNAs, and bispecific antibodies. We provided a detailed analysis of all available investigational drugs in a contest of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. A combination of blockade of the CD47-SIRP\u03b1 axis and secondary targets in the tumor microenvironment (TME) may improve the clinical efficacy of current immunotherapeutic approaches. We evaluated the possible combination and outlined the most promising one.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11223591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T04:14:01Z","timestamp":1668399241000},"page":"3591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Targeting the CD47-SIRP\u03b1 Axis: Present Therapies and the Future for Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Amy","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1339-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg E.","family":"Akilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cutaneous Lymphoma Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5288.795","article-title":"Decreased resistance to bacterial infection and granulocyte defects in IAP-deficient mice","volume":"274","author":"Lindberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2018.1564827","article-title":"Divergent LAG-3 versus BTLA, TIGIT, and FCRL3 expression in Sezary syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Anzengruber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.135.2.533","article-title":"Thrombospondin modulates alpha v beta 3 function through integrin-associated protein","volume":"135","author":"Gao","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40156","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M104138200","article-title":"The role of CD47 in neutrophil transmigration. Increased rate of migration correlates with increased cell surface expression of CD47","volume":"276","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3950","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e04-01-0019","article-title":"Promotion of neurite and filopodium formation by CD47: Roles of integrins, Rac, and Cdc42","volume":"15","author":"Miyashita","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.1.1","article-title":"Costimulation of T cell activation by integrin-associated protein (CD47) is an adhesion-dependent, CD28-independent signaling pathway","volume":"185","author":"Reinhold","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.4.2004","article-title":"Negative regulation of phagocytosis in macrophages by the CD47-SHPS-1 system","volume":"174","author":"Okazawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"349","article-title":"Relationship between immunohistochemical staining extent of CD47 and histopathologic features of bladder tumor","volume":"70","author":"Olcucuoglu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.05.046","article-title":"CD47 is upregulated on circulating hematopoietic stem cells and leukemia cells to avoid phagocytosis","volume":"138","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-2238","article-title":"Therapeutic antibody targeting of CD47 eliminates human acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"71","author":"Chao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.07.044","article-title":"Anti-CD47 antibody synergizes with rituximab to promote phagocytosis and eradicate non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"142","author":"Chao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2007.06729.x","article-title":"Dysregulation of CD47 and the ligands thrombospondin 1 and 2 in multiple myeloma","volume":"138","author":"Knudsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6662","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121623109","article-title":"The CD47-signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa) interaction is a therapeutic target for human solid tumors","volume":"109","author":"Willingham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018030577","article-title":"Targeting CD47 in S\u00e9zary syndrome with SIRP\u03b1Fc","volume":"3","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-021-03051-x","article-title":"The pivotal role of cytotoxic NK cells in mediating the therapeutic effect of anti-CD47 therapy in mycosis fungoides","volume":"71","author":"Kruglov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2017.02.013","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy targeting the CD47\/SIRP\u03b1 axis","volume":"76","author":"Weiskopf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00018","article-title":"Advances in Anti-Tumor Treatments Targeting the CD47\/SIRP\u03b1 Axis","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2012.01.010","article-title":"The CD47-SIRP\u03b1 pathway in cancer immune evasion and potential therapeutic implications","volume":"24","author":"Chao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-19-1079","article-title":"Development of AO-176, a Next-Generation Humanized Anti-CD47 Antibody with Novel Anticancer Properties and Negligible Red Blood Cell Binding","volume":"19","author":"Puro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90962","article-title":"The role of the complement system in cancer","volume":"127","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burris III, H.A., Spira, A.I., Taylor, M.H., Yeku, O.O., Liu, J.F., Munster, P.N., Hamilton, E.P., Thomas, J.S., Gatlin, F., and Penson, R.T. (2021, January 3\u20137). A first-in-human study of AO-176, a highly differentiated anti-CD47 antibody, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Proceedings of the ASCO Annnual Meeting I, Alexandria, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.2516"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-015-0580-7","article-title":"IgG4 Characteristics and Functions in Cancer Immunity","volume":"16","author":"Crescioli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"13","article-title":"Role of Fc\u03b3Rs in Antibody-Based Cancer Therapy","volume":"423","author":"Graziano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00076","article-title":"Natural killer cell mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in tumor immunotherapy with therapeutic antibodies","volume":"4","author":"Seidel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallman, D.A., Asch, A.S., Kambhampati, S., Al Malki, M.M., Zeidner, J.F., Donnellan, W., Lee, D.J., Vyas, P., Jeyakumar, D., and Mannis, G.N. (2020, January 5\u20138). The First-in-Class Anti-CD47 Antibody Magrolimab Combined with Azacitidine Is Well-Tolerated and Effective in AML Patients: Phase 1b Results. Proceedings of the 62nd ASH Annual Meeting and Exposition, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2152-2650(21)01337-9"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2017.1409319","article-title":"Elimination of tumor by CD47\/PD-L1 dual-targeting fusion protein that engages innate and adaptive immune responses","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"9","article-title":"Of macrophages and red blood cells; a complex love story","volume":"5","author":"Kostova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01380","article-title":"Therapeutic Targeting of the Macrophage Immune Checkpoint CD47 in Myeloid Malignancies","volume":"9","author":"Chao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15397","article-title":"The effects of monoclonal anti-CD47 on RBCs, compatibility testing, and transfusion requirements in refractory acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"59","author":"Brierley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-122793","article-title":"TJC4, a Differentiated Anti-CD47 Antibody with Novel Epitope and RBC Sparing Properties","volume":"134","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3716","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-09-179754","article-title":"Specificity and affinity of human Fcgamma receptors and their polymorphic variants for human IgG subclasses","volume":"113","author":"Bruhns","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12370","article-title":"The platelet Fc receptor, Fc\u03b3RIIa","volume":"268","author":"Qiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00562","article-title":"An Engineered Human Fc variant With Exquisite Selectivity for Fc\u03b3RIIIa(V158) Reveals That Ligation of Fc\u03b3RIIIa Mediates Potent Antibody Dependent Cellular Phagocytosis with GM-CSF-Differentiated Macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-01-134429","article-title":"Endothelial CD47 interaction with SIRPgamma is required for human T-cell transendothelial migration under shear flow conditions in vitro","volume":"112","author":"Stefanidakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-07-2823","article-title":"Adhesion of human T cells to antigen-presenting cells through SIRPbeta2-CD47 interaction costimulates T-cell proliferation","volume":"105","author":"Piccio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-1700","article-title":"TTI-621 (SIRP\u03b1Fc): A CD47-Blocking Innate Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor with Broad Antitumor Activity and Minimal Erythrocyte Binding","volume":"23","author":"Petrova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27646","article-title":"Macrophage polarity in cancer: A review","volume":"120","author":"Najafi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-3706","article-title":"Phase I Study of the CD47 Blocker TTI-621 in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Hematologic Malignancies","volume":"27","author":"Ansell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e808","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(21)00271-4","article-title":"Intralesional TTI-621, a novel biologic targeting the innate immune checkpoint CD47, in patients with relapsed or refractory mycosis fungoides or Sezary syndrome: A multicentre, phase 1 study","volume":"8","author":"Querfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000243","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment in mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Zain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, T.T., Kruglov, O., Lin, G.H.Y., Minic, A., Jordan, K., Uger, R.A., Wong, M., Shou, Y., and Akilov, O.E. (2021). Clinical Response to Anti-CD47 Immunotherapy Is Associated with Rapid Reduction of Exhausted Bystander CD4(+) BTLA(+) T Cells in Tumor Microenvironment of Mycosis Fungoides. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13235982"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kauder, S.E., Kuo, T.C., Harrabi, O., Chen, A., Sangalang, E., Doyle, L., Rocha, S.S., Bollini, S., Han, B., and Sim, J. (2018). ALX148 blocks CD47 and enhances innate and adaptive antitumor immunity with a favorable safety profile. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201832"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0131-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab in recurrent\/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Pooled analyses after long-term follow-up in KEYNOTE-012","volume":"119","author":"Mehra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2022, October 10). Available online: https:\/\/ir.shattucklabs.com\/news-and-events\/press-releases."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-017-2929-6","article-title":"Successful treatment of refractory Sezary syndrome by anti-PD-1 antibody (nivolumab)","volume":"96","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.01056","article-title":"Pembrolizumab in Relapsed and Refractory Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome: A Multicenter Phase II Study","volume":"38","author":"Khodadoust","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00561","article-title":"PD-1 and PD-L1 Checkpoint Signaling Inhibition for Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanism, Combinations, and Clinical Outcome","volume":"8","author":"Alsaab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22396","article-title":"PD-1 expression by tumour-associated macrophages inhibits phagocytosis and tumour immunity","volume":"545","author":"Gordon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738797","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2020.1738797","article-title":"Blockade of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) in S\u00e9zary syndrome reduces Th2 phenotype of non-tumoral T lymphocytes but may enhance tumor proliferation","volume":"9","author":"Saulite","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00995.x","article-title":"About the cutaneous targets of bexarotene in CTCL patients","volume":"19","author":"Knol","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712241","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.712241","article-title":"The MS Remyelinating Drug Bexarotene (an RXR Agonist) Promotes Induction of Human Tregs and Suppresses Th17 Differentiation In Vitro","volume":"10","author":"Gaunt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23112","article-title":"The histone deacetylase inhibitor, romidepsin, suppresses cellular immune functions of cutaneous T cell lymphoma patients","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11593","article-title":"Multicenter study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"98","author":"Wollina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22596","article-title":"Results of a phase II trial of oral bexarotene (Targretin) combined with interferon alfa-2b (Intron-A) for patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"109","author":"Straus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1239","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718197115","article-title":"Chemotherapy induces enrichment of CD47 +\/CD73 +\/PDL1 + immune evasive triple-negative breast cancer cells","volume":"115","author":"Samanta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-018-4884-x","article-title":"Combination of anthracyclines and anti-CD47 therapy inhibit invasive breast cancer growth while preventing cardiac toxicity by regulation of autophagy","volume":"172","author":"Christensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09230.x","article-title":"Gemcitabine treatment in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: A multicentre study of 23 cases","volume":"161","author":"Jidar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-018-0402-5","article-title":"Antibody-Based Therapies for Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"20","author":"Welborn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S165615","article-title":"Mogamulizumab: A new tool for management of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"12","author":"Ollila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1011524","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2015.1011524","article-title":"Depletion of regulatory T cells by targeting CC chemokine receptor type 4 with mogamulizumab","volume":"4","author":"Ni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001587","article-title":"Histopathologic Characterization of Mogamulizumab-associated Rash","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028019884863","article-title":"Mogamulizumab: An Anti-CC Chemokine Receptor 4 Antibody for T-Cell Lymphomas","volume":"54","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00116","article-title":"Novel and Future Therapeutic Drugs for Advanced Mycosis Fungoides and S\u00e9zary Syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Oka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30320-1","article-title":"IPH4102, a first-in-class anti-KIR3DL2 monoclonal antibody, in patients with relapsed or refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: An international, first-in-human, open-label, phase 1 trial","volume":"20","author":"Bagot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30523","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8864","article-title":"CD30 on extracellular vesicles from malignant Hodgkin cells supports damaging of CD30 ligand-expressing bystander cells with Brentuximab-Vedotin, in vitro","volume":"7","author":"Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11887","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24472","article-title":"Brentuximab vedotin: Targeting CD30 as standard in CTCL","volume":"9","author":"Prince","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12835","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12835","article-title":"Impressive response of CD30-negative, treatment-refractory mycosis fungoides to brentuximab vedotin","volume":"32","author":"Goyal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.09.015","article-title":"Unrelated immunodeficiency states may impact outcomes and immune checkpoint molecule expression in patients with mycosis fungoides: A clinicopathologic case-control study","volume":"78","author":"Warren","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2012.2089","article-title":"Differential expression of programmed death-1 (PD-1) in S\u00e9zary syndrome and mycosis fungoides","volume":"148","author":"Jansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5178","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.08.123","article-title":"Combination immuno-oncology therapy with pembrolizumab, an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody targeting immune evasion, and standard chemotherapy for patients with the squamous and non-squamous subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"10","author":"Katoh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.65.9789","article-title":"Nivolumab in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Hematologic Malignancy: Preliminary Results of a Phase Ib Study","volume":"34","author":"Lesokhin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21449","article-title":"Gemcitabine as frontline treatment for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: Phase II study of 32 patients","volume":"104","author":"Marchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03708.x","article-title":"Crosstalk between tumor T lymphocytes and reactive T lymphocytes in cutaneous T cell lymphomas","volume":"941","author":"Bagot","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-17-0270","article-title":"Primary T Cells from Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma Skin Explants Display an Exhausted Immune Checkpoint Profile","volume":"6","author":"Querfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2021.07.007","article-title":"Acute progression of the leukemic phase in mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Maredia","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belgiovine, C., Digifico, E., Anfray, C., Ummarino, A., and Torres Andon, F. (2020). Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Anti-Cancer Therapies: Convincing the Traitors to Do the Right Thing. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103226"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gholamin, S., Mitra, S.S., Feroze, A.H., Liu, J., Kahn, S.A., Zhang, M., Esparza, R., Richard, C., Ramaswamy, V., and Remke, M. (2017). Disrupting the CD47-SIRP\u03b1 anti-phagocytic axis by a humanized anti-CD47 antibody is an efficacious treatment for malignant pediatric brain tumors. Sci. Transl. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf2968"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anfray, C., Ummarino, A., And\u00f3n, F.T., and Allavena, P. (2019). Current Strategies to Target Tumor-Associated-Macrophages to Improve Anti-Tumor Immune Responses. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010046"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0254-6","article-title":"A designer self-assembled supramolecule amplifies macrophage immune responses against aggressive cancer","volume":"2","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-018-0011-0","article-title":"A reappraisal of CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"28","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504030","article-title":"Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab or Monotherapy in Untreated Melanoma","volume":"373","author":"Larkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2019-206117","article-title":"Expression of the checkpoint receptors LAG-3, TIM-3 and VISTA in peripheral T cell lymphomas","volume":"73","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1712107115","article-title":"Tim-3 co-stimulation promotes short-lived effector T cells, restricts memory precursors, and is dispensable for T cell exhaustion","volume":"115","author":"Avery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Evtimov, V., Boyd, R., Nisbet, I., Prince, M., and Tounson, A. (2019). T Cell Disease Treatment Targeting Tag-72. (WO2019161439A1), WIPO (PCT)."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2021.01.002","article-title":"Engineered CAR-T cells targeting TAG-72 and CD47 in ovarian cancer","volume":"20","author":"Shu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.8.2929","article-title":"The growth of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is stimulated by immature dendritic cells","volume":"99","author":"Berger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00924","article-title":"Dendritic Cells and Their Role in Immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Gardner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.03.012","article-title":"Expansion and Activation of CD103(+) Dendritic Cell Progenitors at the Tumor Site Enhances Tumor Responses to Therapeutic PD-L1 and BRAF Inhibition","volume":"44","author":"Salmon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0705-y","article-title":"Design of amidobenzimidazole STING receptor agonists with systemic activity","volume":"564","author":"Ramanjulu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6748","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-1149","article-title":"Topical TLR7 agonist imiquimod can induce immune-mediated rejection of skin metastases in patients with breast cancer","volume":"18","author":"Adams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1096-1096","article-title":"Production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human tumors inhibits the functional maturation of dendritic cells","volume":"2","author":"Gabrilovich","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001294","article-title":"Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"363","author":"Kantoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0210-z","article-title":"Dendritic cells in cancer immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"20","author":"Wculek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-0913","article-title":"The human agonistic CD40 antibody ADC-1013 eradicates bladder tumors and generates T-cell-dependent tumor immunity","volume":"21","author":"Mangsbo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/8426","article-title":"CD40 antibody evokes a cytotoxic T-cell response that eradicates lymphoma and bypasses T-cell help","volume":"5","author":"French","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536012116689499","DOI":"10.1177\/1536012116689499","article-title":"Targeted Imaging of Tumor-Associated Macrophages by Cyanine 7-Labeled Mannose in Xenograft Tumors","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1039\/C7SC04853J","article-title":"Dual-targeting biomimetic delivery for anti-glioma activity via remodeling the tumor microenvironment and directing macrophage-mediated immunotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84546","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19165","article-title":"Thrombospondin-1 is a multifaceted player in tumor progression","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7090","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-0643","article-title":"Thrombospondin 1 promotes tumor macrophage recruitment and enhances tumor cell cytotoxicity of differentiated U937 cells","volume":"68","author":"Galli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.01.023","article-title":"Cancer metastasis is accelerated through immunosuppression during Snail-induced EMT of cancer cells","volume":"15","author":"Shirako","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.309.65.1","article-title":"Modification of professional antigen-presenting cells with small interfering RNA in vivo to enhance cancer vaccine potency","volume":"65","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000468","article-title":"Targeting CD47 as a cancer therapeutic strategy: The cutaneous T-cell lymphoma experience","volume":"30","author":"Folkes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.10.66","article-title":"MHC-peptide tetramers for the analysis of antigen-specific T cells","volume":"9","author":"Sims","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/22\/3591\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:17:29Z","timestamp":1760145449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/22\/3591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11223591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11223591","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.742426308.793596883","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]]}}}