{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T14:43:36Z","timestamp":1792075416091,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31872533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872533"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31702305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31702305"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2016YFD0501208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0501208"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["31872533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872533"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["31702305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31702305"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFD0501208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0501208"]}]},{"name":"project of the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PADP)","award":["31872533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872533"]}]},{"name":"project of the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PADP)","award":["31702305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31702305"]}]},{"name":"project of the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PADP)","award":["2016YFD0501208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0501208"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cadmium is a heavy toxic metal with unknown biological functions in the human body. Over time, cadmium accretion in the different visceral organs (liver, lungs, kidney, and testis) is said to impair the function of these organs, which is associated with a relatively long biological half-life and a very low rate of excretion. Recently studies have revealed that the testes are highly sensitive to cadmium. In this review, we discussed the adverse effect of cadmium on the development and biological functions of the testis. The Sertoli cells (SCs), seminiferous tubules, and Blood Testis Barrier are severely structurally damaged by cadmium, which results in sperm loss. The development and function of Leydig cells are hindered by cadmium, which also induces Leydig cell tumors. The testis\u2019s vascular system is severely disturbed by cadmium. Cadmium also perturbs the function of somatic cells and germ cells through epigenetic regulation, giving rise to infertile or sub-fertile males. In addition, we also summarized the other findings related to cadmium-induced oxidative toxicity, apoptotic toxicity, and autophagic toxicity, along with their possible mechanisms in the testicular tissue of different animal species. Consequently, cadmium represents a high-risk factor for male fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11223601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T02:31:15Z","timestamp":1668479475000},"page":"3601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Mechanisms of Cadmium-Induced Testicular Injury: A Risk to Male Fertility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Waseem","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqiao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9071-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zongping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841615","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/841615","article-title":"Calcium influx and male fertility in the context of the sperm proteome: An update","volume":"2014","author":"Rahman","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. 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