{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T20:01:31Z","timestamp":1772049691026,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"R&amp;D budget of Cellular Technology Limited (CTL)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The scope of immune monitoring is to define the existence, magnitude, and quality of immune mechanisms operational in a host. In clinical trials and praxis, the assessment of humoral immunity is commonly confined to measurements of serum antibody reactivity without accounting for the memory B cell potential. Relying on fundamentally different mechanisms, however, passive immunity conveyed by pre-existing antibodies needs to be distinguished from active B cell memory. Here, we tested whether, in healthy human individuals, the antibody titers to SARS-CoV-2, seasonal influenza, or Epstein\u2013Barr virus antigens correlated with the frequency of recirculating memory B cells reactive with the respective antigens. Weak correlations were found. The data suggest that the assessment of humoral immunity by measurement of antibody levels does not reflect on memory B cell frequencies and thus an individual\u2019s potential to engage in an anamnestic antibody response against the same or an antigenically related virus. Direct monitoring of the antigen-reactive memory B cell compartment is both required and feasible towards that goal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11223662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T03:57:44Z","timestamp":1668743864000},"page":"3662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Antibody Levels Poorly Reflect on the Frequency of Memory B Cells Generated following SARS-CoV-2, Seasonal Influenza, or EBV Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Carla","family":"Wolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd. (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"K\u00f6ppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd. (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9mi","family":"Becza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd. (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6119-605X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Kuerten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6463-7623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greg A.","family":"Kirchenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd. (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul V.","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd. 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