{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T19:03:40Z","timestamp":1771009420097,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LY22H160007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY22H160007"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["QRCM-OP21002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QRCM-OP21002"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2012E10002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012E10002"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82274621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82274621"]}]},{"name":"the opening fund of the State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau","award":["LY22H160007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY22H160007"]}]},{"name":"the opening fund of the State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau","award":["QRCM-OP21002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QRCM-OP21002"]}]},{"name":"the opening fund of the State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau","award":["2012E10002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012E10002"]}]},{"name":"the opening fund of the State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau","award":["82274621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82274621"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory Project","award":["LY22H160007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY22H160007"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory Project","award":["QRCM-OP21002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QRCM-OP21002"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory Project","award":["2012E10002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012E10002"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory Project","award":["82274621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82274621"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LY22H160007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY22H160007"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["QRCM-OP21002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QRCM-OP21002"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2012E10002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012E10002"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82274621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82274621"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The thymus is the most sensitive organ under various pathophysiological conditions, such as aging, starvation, and infection. As a key stromal cell for T cell development, it is well-known that thymic epithelial cells (TECs) play an important role in the thymus response to the external environment. Thymosin beta 15 (T\u03b215) is a G-actin binding protein secreted by TECs, it plays an important role in maintaining the dynamic balance of actin, angiogenesis, axonal formation, and wound healing, but the relationship between T\u03b215 and TECs is not clear yet. Here, we show the impact of T\u03b215 on the TEC\u2019s spatial development, as well as the T-cell differentiation and thymic output. As a result, TEC is the main effector cell of T\u03b215 in the thymus. T\u03b215 OX inhibits the chemotaxis of TECs to the medulla and subsequently blocks the positive selection of thymocytes from CD3+TCR\u03b2+CD4+CD8+ double positive cells to CD3+TCR\u03b2+CD4+CD8\u2212 single-positive (CD4SP) cells. T\u03b215-knockdown accelerates the reticular differentiation of astral TECs and medullary TECs. Importantly, mice implanted with T\u03b215-knockdown iTECs show high thymic output but low peripheral T cell maturity and activity. In a word, our results explain the role of T\u03b215 on the differentiation and function of TECs and provide a new perspective for understanding the process of thymus development and degeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11223679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T03:11:21Z","timestamp":1669000281000},"page":"3679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Thymosin Beta 15 Alters the Spatial Development of Thymic Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xie","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2977-4918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert D.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yo San University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90066, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuyuan","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenqin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaman","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meiya","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meiqiu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guiyuan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5977-0021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianli","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-008-9182-2","article-title":"Phenotypical and morphological changes in the thymic microenvironment from ageing mice","volume":"10","author":"Aw","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7986071","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7986071","article-title":"Implications of Oxidative Stress and Cellular Senescence in Age-Related Thymus Involution","volume":"2020","author":"Barbouti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid Med. 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