{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T02:45:53Z","timestamp":1788057953493,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: a significant percentage of methamphetamine (MA) dependent patients develop psychosis. The associations between oxidative pathways and MA-induced psychosis (MIP) are not well delineated. Objective: the aim of this study is to delineate whether acute MA intoxication in MA dependent patients is accompanied by increased nitro-oxidative stress and whether the latter is associated with MIP. Method: we recruited 30 healthy younger males and 60 acutely intoxicated males with MA dependence and assessed severity of MA use and dependence and psychotic symptoms during intoxication, and serum oxidative toxicity (OSTOX) biomarkers including oxidized high (oxHDL) and low (oxLDL)-density lipoprotein, myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO), and antioxidant defenses (ANTIOX) including HDL-cholesterol, zinc, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and catalase-1. Results: a large part (50%, n = 30) of patients with MA dependence could be allocated to a cluster characterized by high psychosis ratings including delusions, suspiciousness, conceptual disorganization and difficulties abstract thinking and an increased OSTOX\/ANTIOX ratio. Partial Least Squares analysis showed that 29.9% of the variance in MIP severity (a first factor extracted from psychosis, hostility, excitation, mannerism, and formal thought disorder scores) was explained by HDL, TAC and zinc (all inversely) and oxLDL (positively). MA dependence and dosing explained together 44.7% of the variance in the OSTOX\/ANTIOX ratio. Conclusions: MA dependence and intoxication are associated with increased oxidative stress and lowered antioxidant defenses, both of which increase risk of MIP during acute intoxication. MA dependence is accompanied by increased atherogenicity due to lowered HDL and increased oxLDL and oxHDL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11223694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T04:33:32Z","timestamp":1669005212000},"page":"3694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Increased Lipid Peroxidation and Lowered Antioxidant Defenses Predict Methamphetamine Induced Psychosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6143-5196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussein Kadhem","family":"Al-Hakeim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa 54002, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazin Fadhil","family":"Altufaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa 54002, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7667-6731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbas F.","family":"Almulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf 54001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3125-7373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shatha Rouf","family":"Moustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Analysis Department, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil 44001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Maes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Barwon Health, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3216, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14688","article-title":"Methamphetamine use in the United States: Epidemiological update and implications for prevention, treatment, and harm reduction","volume":"1508","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. 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