{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:57:45Z","timestamp":1792789065073,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":293,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government Program of Basic Research at the Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences in 2022","award":["0088-2021-0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0088-2021-0017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main degenerative diseases of the retina include macular degeneration, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and glaucoma. Novel approaches for treating retinal diseases are based on cell replacement therapy using a variety of exogenous stem cells. An alternative and complementary approach is the potential use of retinal regeneration cell sources (RRCSs) containing retinal pigment epithelium, ciliary body, M\u00fcller glia, and retinal ciliary region. RRCSs in lower vertebrates in vivo and in mammals mostly in vitro are able to proliferate and exhibit gene expression and epigenetic characteristics typical for neural\/retinal cell progenitors. Here, we review research on the factors controlling the RRCSs\u2019 properties, such as the cell microenvironment, growth factors, cytokines, hormones, etc., that determine the regenerative responses and alterations underlying the RRCS-associated pathologies. We also discuss how the current data on molecular features and regulatory mechanisms of RRCSs could be translated in retinal biomedicine with a special focus on (1) attempts to obtain retinal neurons de novo both in vivo and in vitro to replace damaged retinal cells; and (2) investigations of the key molecular networks stimulating regenerative responses and preventing RRCS-related pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T04:34:52Z","timestamp":1669264492000},"page":"3755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cell Sources for Retinal Regeneration: Implication for Data Translation in Biomedicine of the Eye"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Eleonora N.","family":"Grigoryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.1284","article-title":"Visual impairment and blindness in adults in the United States: Demographic and geographic variations from 2015 to 2050","volume":"134","author":"Varma","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.02.002","article-title":"Neuroprotective strategies for retinal disease","volume":"65","author":"Pardue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.041870am","article-title":"Retinal stem cells and regeneration","volume":"48","author":"Moshiri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2008.05.002","article-title":"Neural regeneration and cell replacement: A view from the eye","volume":"2","author":"Lamba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2010.02.003","article-title":"Regenerative medicine for retinal diseases: Activating endogenous repair mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Karl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.02.001","article-title":"Neurogenic potential of stem\/progenitor-like cells in the adult mammalian eye","volume":"31","author":"Wohl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2013.11.011","article-title":"Mobilizing endogenous stem cells for retinal repair","volume":"163","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.219028","article-title":"Endogenous retinal neural stem cell reprogramming for neuronal regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Madelaine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural. Reg. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1318","article-title":"Molecular Factors of the Maintenance and Activation of the Juvenile Phenotype of Cellular Sources for Eye Tissue Regeneration","volume":"83","author":"Grigoryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1134\/S106236041901003X","article-title":"Endogenous cell sources for eye retina regeneration in vertebrate animals and human","volume":"49","author":"Grigoryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Russ. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-019-00195-z","article-title":"Adult Stem Cells, Tools for Repairing the Retina","volume":"7","author":"Aladdad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Ophthalmol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.092270","article-title":"Stem cells in retinal regeneration: Past, present and future","volume":"140","author":"Ramsden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2014.10.008","article-title":"ESC-derived retinal pigmented epithelial cell transplants in patients: So far, so good","volume":"15","author":"Sowden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2015.48.4.276","article-title":"Regeneration of the retina: Toward stem cell therapy for degenerative retinal diseases","volume":"48","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.06.004","article-title":"Stem cell-based therapies for age-related macular degeneration: The promises and the challenges","volume":"48","author":"Nazari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.100779","article-title":"Retinal stem cell transplantation: Balancing safety and potential","volume":"75","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v13.i10.1446","article-title":"Retina stem cells, hopes and obstacles","volume":"13","author":"German","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61376-3","article-title":"Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium in patients with age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt\u2018s macular dystrophy: Follow-up of two open-label phase 1\/2 studies","volume":"385","author":"Schwartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.5824","article-title":"Survival of Transplanted Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells in a Human Recipient for 22 Months","volume":"135","author":"Shim","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4114","article-title":"Phase 1 clinical study of an embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium patch in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"36","author":"Fynes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9636897221104451","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897221104451","article-title":"Biocompatibility of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Progenitor Cell Grafts in Immunocompromised Rats","volume":"31","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.002","article-title":"The Neuronal Organization of the Retina","volume":"76","author":"Masland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.06.003","article-title":"Functional architecture of the retina: Development and disease","volume":"42","author":"Hoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Hart, W.M. (1992). Ocular circulation. Adler\u2019s Physiology of the Eye: Clinical Application, Mosby."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, A.-R., Zieli\u0144ska, A., Sanchez-Lopez, E., dos Santos, T., Garcia, M.L., Silva, A.M., Karczewski, J., and Souto, E.B. (2022). Exudative versus Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Physiopathology and Treatment Options. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052592"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.09.021","article-title":"Drusen are associated with local and distant disruptions to human retinal pigment epithelium cells","volume":"88","author":"Schneiders","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2008.10.001","article-title":"Molecular pathology of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"28","author":"Ding","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.216","article-title":"Structural and molecular changes in the aging choroid: Implications for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"31","author":"Chirco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1101","article-title":"Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of SkQ1-Containing Visomitin Eye Drops against Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration","volume":"79","author":"Novikova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.10.010","article-title":"Dual antagonism of PDGF and VEGF in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: A phase IIb, multicenter, randomized controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"Jaffe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000657","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration therapy: A review","volume":"31","author":"Ammar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3883-7","article-title":"Comparison of the neuroinflammatory responses to selective retina therapy and continuous-wave laser photocoagulation in mouse eyes","volume":"256","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000398","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2019-000398","article-title":"Current and upcoming anti-VEGF therapies and dosing strategies for the treatment of neovascular AMD: A comparative review","volume":"4","author":"Khanna","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269787","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/269787","article-title":"Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy after Eye Injuries: An Overexpression of Growth Factors and Cytokines Leading to a Retinal Keloid","volume":"2013","author":"Morescalchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/IIO.0000000000000258","article-title":"Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: A Review","volume":"59","author":"Idrees","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10136","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10136","article-title":"Polarity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells in proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"8","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Peer J."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"424258","article-title":"New Developments in the Pathophysiology and Management of Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"2013","author":"Midena","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100110097032","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelial wound healing in vivo","volume":"113","author":"Lopez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grigoryan, E.N. (2022). Pigment Epithelia of the Eye: Cell-Type Conversion in Regeneration and Disease. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12030382"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69740-7","article-title":"Retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"368","author":"Hartong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1328471","article-title":"Therapeutic approaches for retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"230","author":"Pach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Klin. Monbl. Augenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: A review","volume":"311","author":"Weinreb","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2015.1000857","article-title":"Discovery of novel inhibitors for the treatment of glaucoma","volume":"10","author":"Cholkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.10.049","article-title":"Primary Angle Closure Preferred Practice Pattern\u00ae Guidelines","volume":"123","author":"Prum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grigoryan, E.N. (2020). Potential Endogenous Cell Sources for Retinal Regeneration in Vertebrates and Humans: Progenitor Traits and Specialization. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8070208"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"299","article-title":"Molecular recapitulation: The growth of the vertebrate retina","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1089\/zeb.2004.1.257","article-title":"The teleost retina as a model for developmental and regeneration biology","volume":"1","author":"Hitchcock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zebrafish"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901760304","article-title":"Growth of the adult goldfish eye. III. Source of the new retinal cells","volume":"176","author":"Johns","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"395","article-title":"Transdifferentiation potencies of ciliary and pigment epithelium cells of lower vertebrates and mammals","volume":"35","author":"Mitashov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Russ. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.08.018","article-title":"The ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) in development and regeneration of the vertebrate eye","volume":"116","author":"Fischer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raymond, P., Barthel, L.K., Bernardos, R.L., and Perkowski, J.J. (2006). Molecular characterization of retinal stem cells and their niches in adult zebrafish. BMC Dev. Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213X-6-36"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3499","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.079582","article-title":"Antagonistic crossregulation between Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways control post-embryonic retinal proliferation","volume":"139","author":"Borday","year":"2012","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.20917","article-title":"Continued growth and circuit building in the anamniote visual system","volume":"72","author":"Cerveny","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00723","article-title":"Specification of the vertebrate eye by a network of eye field transcription factors","volume":"130","author":"Zuber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viczian, A.S., Solessio, E.C., Lyou, Y., and Zuber, M.E. (2009). Generation of functional eyes from pluripotent cells. PLoS Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000174"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.05.041","article-title":"The role of combinational coding by homeodomain and bhlh transcription factors in retinal cell fate specification","volume":"285","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.02.010","article-title":"Genetic dissection of the zebrafish retinal stem-cell compartment","volume":"281","author":"Wehman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00400-5","article-title":"Stem cells in the teleost retina: Persistent neurogenesis and injury-induced regeneration","volume":"43","author":"Otteson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(06)59005-9","article-title":"Neurogenesis in the Fish Retina","volume":"259","author":"Stenkamp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1998.8939","article-title":"The genetic sequence of retinal development in the ciliary margin of the Xenopus eye","volume":"199","author":"Perron","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.109892","article-title":"Exclusive multipotency and preferential asymmetric divisions in post-embryonic neural stem cells of the fish retina","volume":"141","author":"Centanin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2017.02.002","article-title":"Bifacial stem cell niches in fish and plants","volume":"45","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1099","article-title":"The ciliary marginal zone of the zebrafish retina: Clonal and time-lapse analysis of a continuously growing tissue","volume":"143","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2011.02.008","article-title":"The Retinal Homeobox (Rx) gene is necessary for retinal regeneration","volume":"353","author":"Kelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24679","article-title":"Identification of retinal homeobox (rax) gene-dependent genes by a microarray approach: The DNA endoglycosylase neil3 is a major downstream component of the rax genetic pathway","volume":"247","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BIBU.0000043766.41763.90","article-title":"Analysis of the expression pattern of regulatory genes Pax6, Prox1, and Six3 during regeneration of eye structures in the newt","volume":"31","author":"Markitantova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062359008040043","article-title":"Expression of regulatory genes Pax6, Otx2, Six3, and FGF2 during newt retina regeneration","volume":"35","author":"Avdonin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062359010030039","article-title":"Transcriptional factor Pitx2: Localization during triton retina regeneration","volume":"37","author":"Avdonin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miles, A., and Tropepe, V. (2021). Retinal Stem Cell \u2018Retirement Plans\u2019: Growth, Regulation and Species Adaptations in the Retinal Ciliary Marginal Zone. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126528"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev199133","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.199133","article-title":"Igf signaling couples retina growth with body growth by modulating progenitor cell division","volume":"148","author":"Becker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.01.105","article-title":"Patterning of the circumferential marginal zone of progenitors in the chicken retina","volume":"1192","author":"Ghai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12797","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0118-12.2012","article-title":"Distinct neurogenic potential in the retinal margin and the pars plana of mammalian eye","volume":"32","author":"Kiyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23823","article-title":"Comparative analysis of glucagonergic cells, glia and the circumferential marginal zone in the reptilian retina","volume":"1","author":"Todd","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1991.tb00843.x","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of neurogenesis in the chick retina","volume":"3","author":"Prada","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.07.003","article-title":"Neural regeneration in the chick retina","volume":"24","author":"Fischer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9640","article-title":"Identification of a proliferating marginal zone of retinal progenitors in postnatal chickens","volume":"220","author":"Fisher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129.9.2283","article-title":"Exogenous growth factors induce the production of ganglion cells at the retinal margin","volume":"129","author":"Fischer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(01)00287-5","article-title":"A comparative study of neurogenesis in the retinal ciliary marginal zone of homeothermic vertebrates","volume":"134","author":"Kubota","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.041879ma","article-title":"Retinal stem cells in vertebrates: Parallels and divergences","volume":"48","author":"Amato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108965","article-title":"NeurospheRes. obtained from the ciliary margin of the chicken eye possess positional values and retinal ganglion cells differentiated from them respond to EphA\/ephrin-A system","volume":"217","author":"Fiore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.04.005","article-title":"Distribution of Muller stem cells within the neural retina: Evidence for the existence of a ciliary margin-like zone in the adult human eye","volume":"89","author":"Bhatia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.11.016","article-title":"The ciliary margin zone of the mammalian retina generates retinal ganglion cells","volume":"17","author":"Marcucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.11.2019","article-title":"Otx genes are required for tissue specification in the developing eye","volume":"128","author":"Signore","year":"2001","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01571","article-title":"Chx10 repression of Mitf is required for the maintenance of mammalian neuroretinal identity","volume":"132","author":"Horsford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6286","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7286","article-title":"Generation of a ciliary margin-like stem cell niche from self-organizing human retinal tissue","volume":"6","author":"Kuwahara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2016.11.020","article-title":"Msx1-Positive progenitors in the retinal ciliary margin give rise to both neural and non-neural progenies in mammals","volume":"40","author":"Belanger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.07.083","article-title":"Activation of retinal stem cells in the proliferating marginal region of RCS rats during development of retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"465","author":"Jian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003137","article-title":"Surgical retinal explants as a source of retinal progenitor cells","volume":"41","author":"Too","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-011-1797-3","article-title":"Proliferation of the ciliary epithelium with retinal neuronal and photoreceptor cell differentiation in human eyes with retinal detachment and proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"250","author":"Ducournau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev169698","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.169698","article-title":"Notch signaling patterns retinal composition by regulating atoh7 during post-embryonic growth","volume":"145","author":"Saturnino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.391106","article-title":"Hedgehog signaling and the retina: Insights into the mechanisms controlling the proliferative properties of neural precursors","volume":"20","author":"Locker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20299","article-title":"Sonic hedgehog regulates proliferation of the retinal ciliary marginal zone in posthatch chicks","volume":"233","author":"Moshiri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5088","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0403","article-title":"Mapping canonical Wnt signaling in the developing and adult retina","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0900","article-title":"Canonical Wnt signaling controls proliferation of retinal stem\/progenitor cells in postembryonic xenopus eyes","volume":"26","author":"Denayer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.029272","article-title":"Hairy1 acts as a node downstream of Wnt signaling to maintain retinal stem cell-like progenitor cells in the chick ciliary marginal zone","volume":"136","author":"Kubo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8104-7-30","article-title":"\u03b2-catenin\/Wnt signaling controls progenitor fate in the developing and regenerating zebrafish retina","volume":"7","author":"Meyers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neural. Dev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.10.106","article-title":"Six3 and Six6 Are Jointly Required for the Maintenance of Multipotent Retinal Progenitors through Both Positive and Negative Regulation","volume":"25","author":"Diacou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10157","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3247-05.2005","article-title":"Glucagon-expressing neurons within the retina regulate the proliferation of neural progenitors in the circumferential marginal zone of the avian eye","volume":"25","author":"Fischer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68016-z","article-title":"dnmt1 function is required to maintain retinal stem cells within the ciliary marginal zone of the zebrafish eye","volume":"10","author":"Angileri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11320","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11513-5","article-title":"A brain-derived neurotrophic factor mimetic is sufficient to restore cone photoreceptor visual function in an inherited blindness model","volume":"7","author":"Daly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.008","article-title":"Homeostasis of eye growth and the question of myopia","volume":"43","author":"Wallman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19508","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807453105","article-title":"Stimulation of neural regeneration in the mouse retina","volume":"105","author":"Karl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.07.012","article-title":"Molecular events in early development of the ciliary body: A question of folding","volume":"84","author":"Napier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"439","article-title":"Autonomic control of the eye","volume":"5","author":"McDougal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5266","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0167","article-title":"Proliferation and expression of progenitor and mature retinal phenotypes in the adult mammalian ciliary body after retinal ganglion cell injury","volume":"48","author":"Nickerson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13654","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402129101","article-title":"Potential for neural regeneration after neurotoxic injury in the adult mammalian retina","volume":"101","author":"Ooto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.05.008","article-title":"Optic nerve lesion increases cell proliferation and nestin expression in the adult mouse eye in vivo","volume":"219","author":"Wohl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13162","article-title":"Rho GTPases control ciliary epithelium cells proliferation and progenitor profile induction in vivo","volume":"55","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2473","article-title":"Identification of neural progenitors in the adult mammalian eye","volume":"270","author":"Ahmad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.12.017","article-title":"Retinal properties and potential of the adult mammalian ciliary epithelium stem cells","volume":"45","author":"Das","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modgep.2006.04.003","article-title":"Identification of genes expressed in retinal progenitor\/stem cell colonies isolated from the ocular ciliary body of adult mice","volume":"6","author":"Abdouh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gene Expr. Patterns"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0035","article-title":"Comparative analysis of progenitor cells isolated from the iris, pars plana, and ciliary body of the adult porcine eye","volume":"25","author":"MacNeil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21860","article-title":"Gradual morphogenesis of retinal neurons in the peripheral retinal margin of adult monkeys and humans","volume":"511","author":"Angulo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5460.2032","article-title":"Retinal stem cells in the adult mammalian eye","volume":"287","author":"Tropepe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15772","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401596101","article-title":"Facile isolation and the characterization of human retinal stem cells","volume":"101","author":"Coles","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6685","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901596106","article-title":"Cells previously identified as retinal stem cells are pigmented ciliary epithelial cells","volume":"106","author":"Cicero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.423","article-title":"Adult ciliary epithelial cells, previously identified as retinal stem cells with potential for retinal repair, fail to differentiate into new rod photoreceptors","volume":"28","author":"Gualdoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.279","article-title":"Maximizing functional photoreceptor differentiation from adult human retinal stem cells","volume":"28","author":"Inoue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.2012027","article-title":"The adult retinal stem cell is a rare cell in the ciliary epithelium whose progeny can differentiate into photoreceptors","volume":"1","author":"Ballios","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.09.001","article-title":"The peripheral eye: A neurogenic area with potential to treat retinal pathologies?","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"2580","article-title":"RPE and neuronal differentiation of allotransplantated porcine ciliary epithelium-derived cells","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2003.09.003","article-title":"Neural stem cells in the mammalian eye: Types and regulation","volume":"15","author":"Ahmad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2004.05.023","article-title":"Identification of c-Kit receptor as a regulator of adult neural stem cells in the mammalian eye: Interactions with Notch signaling","volume":"273","author":"Das","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108603","article-title":"NOTCH Signaling Controls Ciliary Body Morphogenesis and Secretion by Directly Regulating Nectin Protein Expression","volume":"34","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.09.001","article-title":"Profiling of DNA and histone methylation reveals epigenetic-based regulation of gene expression during retinal differentiation of stem\/progenitor cells isolated from the ciliary pigment epithelium of human cadaveric eyes","volume":"165115","author":"Jasty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2004","article-title":"The Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Visual Function","volume":"85","author":"Strauss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.2174\/156652410793937813","article-title":"The Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Health and Disease","volume":"10","author":"Sparrow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.09.003","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelium development, plasticity, and tissue homeostasis","volume":"123","author":"Fuhrmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100846","article-title":"The cell biology of the retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"78","author":"Lakkaraju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koster, C., Wever, K.E., Wagstaff, P.E., van den Hirk, K.T., Hooijmans, C.R., and Bergen, A.A. (2020). A Systematic Review on Transplantation Studies of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Animal Models. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082719"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2019.08.001","article-title":"Retinal Pigment Epithelium Polarity in Health and Blinding Diseases","volume":"62","author":"Caceres","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markitantova, Y., and Simirskii, V. (2020). Inherited Eye Diseases with Retinal Manifestations through the Eyes of Homeobox Genes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051602"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062360421040032","article-title":"Molecular Strategies for Transdifferentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells in Amphibians and Mammals In Vivo","volume":"52","author":"Grigoryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Russ. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100969","article-title":"The retinal pigment epithelium: Development, injury responses, and regenerative potential in mammalian and non-mammalian systems","volume":"85","author":"George","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szac001","article-title":"Retinal Cell Transplantation, Biomaterials, and In Vitro Models for Developing Next-generation Therapies of Age-related Macular Degeneration","volume":"11","author":"Rizzolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grigoryan, E.N. (2022). Self-Organization of the Retina during Eye Development, Retinal Regeneration In Vivo, and in Retinal 3D Organoids In Vitro. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10061458"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanovice, N.J., Leach, L.L., Slater, K., Gabriel, A.E., Romanovicz, D., Shao, E., Collery, R., Burton, E.A., Lathrop, K.L., and Link, B.A. (2019). Regeneration of the zebrafish retinal pigment epithelium after widespread genetic ablation. PLoS Genet., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007939"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017198118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2017198118","article-title":"The immune response is a critical regulator of zebrafish retinal pigment epithelium regeneration","volume":"118","author":"Leach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401840206","article-title":"An analysis of urodelean retinal regeneration. I\u2013IV","volume":"184","author":"Keefe","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"833","article-title":"Mechanisms of retina regeneration in vertebrates","volume":"40","author":"Mitashov","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"893","article-title":"Retinal regeneration in amphibians","volume":"41","author":"Mitashov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"Chiba, C. (2007). Cellular and molecular events in the adult newt retinal regeneration. Strategies for Retinal Tissue Repair and Regeneration in Vertebrates: From Fish to Human, Research Signpost."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasumuro, H., Sakurai, K., Toyama, F., Maruo, F., and Chiba, C. (2017). Implications of a Multi-Step Trigger of Retinal Regeneration in the Adult Newt. Biomedicines, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines5020025"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21959","article-title":"Expression of stem cell pluripotency factors during regeneration in newts","volume":"238","author":"Maki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6043","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06043","article-title":"The newt reprograms mature RPE cells into a unique multipotent state for retinal regeneration","volume":"4","author":"Islam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.11.031","article-title":"Immunohistochemical analysis of Musashi-1 expression during retinal regeneration of adult newt","volume":"450","author":"Kaneko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_147","unstructured":"Makar\u2019ev, E.O., Zinov\u2019eva, R.D., and Mitashov, V.I. Expression of regulatory homeobox genes during retina regeneration in adult newts. Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol., 2002. 6, 663\u2013667."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1134\/S0012496610060141","article-title":"Identification of the pitx1 embryogenesis regulatory gene in a regenerating newt retina","volume":"435","author":"Markitantova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dokl. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33761","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33761","article-title":"Turning the fate of reprogramming cells from retinal disorder to regeneration by Pax6 in newts","volume":"6","author":"Islam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(01)00147-X","article-title":"Expression pattern of a newt Notch homologue in regenerating newt retina","volume":"31","author":"Kaneko","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.12.032","article-title":"Evidence for Notch signaling involvement in retinal regeneration of adult newt","volume":"1136","author":"Nakamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercer, S.E., Cheng, C.H., Atkinson, D.L., Krcmery, J., Guzman, C.E., Kent, D.T., Zukor, K., Marx, K.A., Odelberg, S.J., and Simon, H.G. (2012). Multi-tissue microarray analysis identifies a molecular signature of regeneration. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052375"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22167","article-title":"Retinal regeneration is facilitated by the presence of surviving neurons","volume":"74","author":"Sherpa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21115","article-title":"FGF-Hedgehog Interdependence During Retina Regeneration","volume":"236","author":"Spence","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.09.003","article-title":"FGF signaling regulates rod photoreceptor cell maintenance and regeneration zebrafish","volume":"93","author":"Qin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1086\/BBLv221n1p137","article-title":"FGF signaling is required for lens regeneration in Xenopus laevis","volume":"221","author":"Fukui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2007.00407.x","article-title":"MEK mediates in vitro neural transdifferentiation of the adult newt retinal pigment epithelium cells: Is FGF2 an induction factor?","volume":"20","author":"Susaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062359014040074","article-title":"FGF2 signaling pathway components in tissues of the posterior eye sector in the adult newt Pleurodeles waltl","volume":"41","author":"Markitantova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3860","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40262-w","article-title":"The epigenetic basis for the impaired ability of adult murine retinal pigment epithelium cells to regenerate retinal tissue","volume":"9","author":"Dvoriantchikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.11.024","article-title":"Neural retinal regeneration in the anuran amphibian Xenopus laevis post-metamorphosis: Transdifferentiation of retinal pigmented epithelium regenerates the neural retina","volume":"303","author":"Yoshii","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"1000","article-title":"Retina regeneration in the Xenopus laevis tadpole: A new model system","volume":"15","author":"Vergara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.a.219","article-title":"Pigmented epithelium to retinal transdifferentiation and Pax6 expression in larval Xenopus laevis","volume":"303","author":"Arresta","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. A Comp. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.22378","article-title":"Loss of cell-extracellular matrix interaction triggers retinal regeneration accompanied by Rax and Pax6 activation","volume":"51","author":"Nabeshima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.11.2451","article-title":"Role of Xrx1 in Xenopus eye and anterior brain development","volume":"126","author":"Andreazzoli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Development."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(199708)209:4<387::AID-AJA6>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF-2) induced transdifferentiation of retinal pigment epithelium: Generation of retinal neurons and glia","volume":"209","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22497","article-title":"Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase triggers transdifferentiation of retinal pigmented epithelial cells in Xenopus laevis: A Link between inflammatory response and regeneration","volume":"77","author":"Naitoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/dgd.12654","article-title":"Regeneration enhancers: A clue to reactivation of developmental genes","volume":"62","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Growth Differ."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(65)90022-9","article-title":"Regeneration of neural retina from the pigmented epithelium in the chick embryo","volume":"12","author":"Coulombre","year":"1965","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)60379-4","article-title":"Growth factor-induced retinal regeneration in vivo","volume":"146","author":"Park","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3312","article-title":"Complement anaphylatoxin C3a is a potent inducer of embryonic chick retina regeneration","volume":"4","author":"Haynes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Luz-Madrigal, A., Haynes, T., Zavada, J., Burke, A.K., and del Rio-Tsonis, K. (2014). Catenin Inactivation is a Pre-Requisite for Chick Retina Regeneration. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101748"},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"57","article-title":"Retina regeneration in the chick embryo is not induced by spontaneous Mitf downregulation but requiRes. FGF\/FGFR\/MEK\/Erk dependent upregulation of Pax6","volume":"13","author":"Spence","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"979","article-title":"BMP-induced reprogramming of the neural retina into retinal pigment epithelium requiRes. Wnt signalling","volume":"6","author":"Steinfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tangeman, J.A., Luz-Madrigal, A., Sreeskandarajan, S., Grajales-Esquivel, E., Liu, L., Liang, C.H., Tsonis, P.A., and del Rio-Tsonis, K. (2021). Transcriptome Profiling of Embryonic Retinal Pigment Epithelium Reprogramming. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.28.437384"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2020.1747742","article-title":"DNA demethylation is a driver for chick retina regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Tangeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.09.020","article-title":"Enhanced retinal pigment epithelium regeneration after injury in MRL\/MpJ mice","volume":"93","author":"Xia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2017.89","article-title":"In situ regeneration of retinal pigment epithelium by gene transfer of E2F2: A potential strategy for treatment of macular degenerations","volume":"24","author":"Kampik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-007-0389-z","article-title":"New method of in vitro culturing of pigment retinal epithelium in the structure of the posterior eye sector of adult rat","volume":"144","author":"Grigoryan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1472","article-title":"Ceruloplasmin\/ hephaestin knockout mice model morphologic and molecular features. of AMD","volume":"49","author":"Hadziahmetovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18728","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902593106","article-title":"Genetic ablation of retinal pigment epithelial cells reveals the adaptive response of the epithelium and impact on photoreceptors","volume":"106","author":"Longbottom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2013.09.004","article-title":"Trophic factors in the pathogenesis and therapy for retinal degenerative diseases","volume":"59","author":"Kolomeyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies, J. (2012). Shared triggering mechanisms of retinal regeneration in lower vertebrates and retinal rescue in higher ones. Tissue Regeneration\u2014From Basic Biology to Clinical Application, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/1334"},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"1784","article-title":"Mature retinal pigment epithelium cells are retained in the cell cycle and proliferate in vivo","volume":"14","author":"Kam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokkinopoulos, I., Shahabi, G., Colman, A., and Jeffery, G. (2011). Mature peripheral RPE cells have an intrinsic capacity to proliferate; a potential regulatory mechanism for age-related cell loss. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018921"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000416718","article-title":"Pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Modulation of retinal pigment epithelial cell functions by vitreous and macrophages","volume":"16","author":"Kirchhof","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dev. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.17.12.1103.5126","article-title":"Dedifferentiation of the retinal pigment epithelium compared to the proliferative membranes of proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"17","author":"Abe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4725","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells initiated upon loss of cell-cell contact","volume":"51","author":"Tamiya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2015.01.003","article-title":"Assessment of retinal pigment epithelial cells in epiretinal membrane formation","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_189","first-page":"3607","article-title":"Autophagy regulates TGF-beta2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human retinal pigment epithelium cells","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2012.12.004","article-title":"Pathophysiology of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in retinal detachment","volume":"58","author":"Garweg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.02.008","article-title":"Role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"142","author":"Tamiya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8314","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18359","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling mediates regeneration of retinal pigment epithelium after laser photocoagulation in mouse eye","volume":"56","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_193","first-page":"747","article-title":"Choroidal neovascularization: A wound healing perspective","volume":"9","author":"Kent","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.03.009","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of subretinal fibrosis in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"142","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_195","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Polarized distribution of integrin and fibronectin in retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"28","author":"Philp","year":"1987","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.02.033","article-title":"Vitreous-induced cytoskeletal rearrangements via the Rac1 GTPase-dependent signaling pathway in human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"419","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1835","article-title":"Complex networks orchestrate epithelial-mesenchymal transitions","volume":"7","author":"Thiery","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1159\/000101319","article-title":"Signaling pathways involved in collagen-induced disruption of the E-cadherin complex during epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"185","author":"Imamichi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirchhof, B., and Wong, D. (2005). Retinal Pigment Epithelium Differentiation and Dedifferentiation. Vitreo-Retinal Surgery, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b138684"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1089\/153623103322452378","article-title":"PAINT: A promoter analysis and interaction network generation tool for gene regulatory network identification","volume":"7","author":"Vadigepalli","year":"2003","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazarieh, M., Wiese, A., Will, T., Hamed, M., and Helms, V. (2016). Identification of key player genes in gene regulatory networks. BMC Syst. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12918-016-0329-5"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2011.03.003","article-title":"Forkhead transcription factors: Key players in health and disease","volume":"27","author":"Benayoun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00881-12","article-title":"The forkhead transcription factor FOXM1 controls cell cycle-dependent gene expression through an atypical chromatin binding mechanism","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhary, P., Dodsworth, B.T., Sidders, B., Gutteridge, A., Michaelides, C., Duckworth, J.K.L., Whiting, P.J., and Benn, C.L. (2015). A FOXM1 dependent mesenchymal-epithelial transition in retinal pigment epithelium cells. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130379"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu, D.Y., Butcher, E., and Saint-Geniez, M. (2020). EMT and EndMT: Emerging Roles in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124271"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3084","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.12.19.3084","article-title":"Synergistic cooperation of TFE3 and smad proteins in TGF-beta induced transcription of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene","volume":"12","author":"Hua","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.07.011","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: Twist in development and metastasis","volume":"118","author":"Kang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_208","first-page":"1414","article-title":"Transcriptional regulatory network analysis during epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"14","author":"Pratt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.6.4.5","article-title":"Biological Involvement of MicroRNAs in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy","volume":"6","author":"Kaneko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.6.23","article-title":"MicroRNAs in the Vitreous Humor of Patients with Retinal Detachment and a Different Grading of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: A Pilot Study","volume":"9","author":"Toro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2020.03.009","article-title":"Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Changes During Human RPE EMT in a Stem Cell Model of Epiretinal Membrane Pathogenesis and Prevention by Nicotinamide","volume":"14","author":"Boles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.2741\/s32","article-title":"TGF in fibroproliferative diseases in the eye","volume":"1","author":"Saika","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2009.5","article-title":"TGF-beta-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_214","first-page":"706","article-title":"The roles of signaling pathways in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of PVR","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01325-4","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators of proliferative vitreoretinopathy: Hypothesis and review","volume":"40","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.3.23","article-title":"Inflammatory and Fibrogenic Factors in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy Development","volume":"9","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17504","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804054105","article-title":"Role of TGF- \u03b2 in proliferative vitreoretinal diseases and ROCK as a therapeutic target","volume":"105","author":"Kita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-306309","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelial cells display specific transcriptional responses upon TNF-alpha stimulation","volume":"99","author":"Korthagen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmp018","article-title":"Regulation of TGF-signaling by Smad7","volume":"41","author":"Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0406-6","article-title":"P38 inhibition reverses TGFb1 and TNFa induced contraction in a model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy","volume":"2","author":"Schiff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700303","article-title":"Intracellular TGF-\u03b2 receptor blockade abrogates smad-dependent fibroblast activation in vitro and in vivo","volume":"126","author":"Ishida","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10405","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M611742200","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta receptor type I-dependent fibrogenic gene program is mediated via activation of Smad1 and ERK1\/2 pathways","volume":"282","author":"Pannu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.01.172","article-title":"Adult human retinal pigment epithelial cells capable of differentiating into neurons","volume":"316","author":"Amemiya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.01.075","article-title":"Adult retinal pigment epithelium cells express neural progenitor properties and the neuronal precursor protein doublecortin","volume":"1040","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-012-1666-z","article-title":"Expression of multipotent and retinal markers in pigment epithelium of adult human in vitro","volume":"153","author":"Milyushina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-019-0076-3","article-title":"Differentiation of adult human retinal pigment epithelial cells into dopaminergic-like cells in vitro and in the recipient monkey brain","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mod.2007.10.001","article-title":"Activin signaling limits the competence for retinal regeneration from the pigmented epithelium","volume":"125","author":"Sakami","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-011-1368-y","article-title":"Phenotypic plasticity of retinal pigment epithelium cells of adult human eye in vitro","volume":"151","author":"Milyushina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801787","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/801787","article-title":"Cell models to study regulation of cell transformation in pathologies of retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"2014","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-017-3852-5","article-title":"Reprogramming of human retinal pigment epithelial cells under the effect of bFGF in vitro","volume":"163","author":"Shafei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2008.08.002","article-title":"Epithelial phenotype and the RPE: Is the answer blowing in the Wnt?","volume":"27","author":"Burke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.102618","article-title":"Sphere-induced reprogramming of RPE cells into dual-potential RPE stem-like cells","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2011.11.018","article-title":"Adult human RPE can be activated into a multipotent stem cell that produces mesenchymal derivatives","volume":"10","author":"Salero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2011.201","article-title":"Wnt signaling induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition with proliferation in ARPE-19 cells upon loss of contact inhibition","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17121-0_74","article-title":"Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Stem Cell (RPESC)","volume":"854","author":"Saini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2011.12.014","article-title":"Untapping the potential of human retinal pigmented epithelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Coffey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandey, R.S., Krebs, M.P., Bolisetty, M.T., Charette, J.R., Naggert, J.K., Robson, P., Nishina, P.M., and Carter, G.W. (2022). Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Molecular Features of Heterogeneity in the Murine Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.05.07.491046"},{"key":"ref_238","first-page":"14","article-title":"A cell culture medium that supports the differentiation of human retinal pigment epithelium into functionally polarized monolayers","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-125-7_4","article-title":"The culture and maintenance of functional retinal pigment epithelial monolayers from adult human eye","volume":"945","author":"Blenkinsop","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7085","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16246","article-title":"Human Adult Retinal Pigment Epithelial Stem Cell-Derived RPE Monolayers Exhibit Key Physiological Characteristics of Native Tissue","volume":"56","author":"Blenkinsop","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_241","first-page":"60","article-title":"Appropriately differentiated ARPE-19 cells regain phenotype and gene expression profiles similar to those of native RPE cells","volume":"23","author":"Samuel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.12.007","article-title":"Muller glia: Stem cells for generation and regeneration of retinal neurons in teleost fish","volume":"40","author":"Lenkowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3723","article-title":"Muller glial cell reprogramming and retina regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Goldman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24375","article-title":"Muller glial cell-dependent regeneration of the neural retina: An overview across vertebrate model systems","volume":"245","author":"Hamon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2016.11.030","article-title":"M\u00fcller stem cell dependent retinal regeneration","volume":"464","author":"Chohan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02274-w","article-title":"M\u00fcller Glia-Mediated Retinal Regeneration","volume":"58","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13597","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13597","article-title":"M\u00fcller Glia maintain their regenerative potential despite degeneration in the aged zebrafish retina","volume":"21","author":"Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.01.022","article-title":"Talkin\u2019 about my (re)generation: The who of intrinsic retinal stem cells","volume":"34627","author":"Otteson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2019.01.023","article-title":"M\u00fcller cells as a target for retinal therapy","volume":"24","author":"Devoldere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_250","first-page":"2954721","article-title":"Retinal macroglial responses in health and disease","volume":"2016","author":"Rojas","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22477","article-title":"New functions of M\u00fcller cells","volume":"61","author":"Reichenbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800175121","article-title":"Cellular proliferation and neurogenesis in the injured retina of adult zebrafish","volume":"17","author":"Cameron","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.07.009","article-title":"Characterization of M\u00fcller glia and neuronal progenitors during adult zebrafish retinal regeneration","volume":"87","author":"Thummel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4510","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.090738","article-title":"A self-renewing division of zebrafish M\u00fcller glial cells generates neuronal progenitors that require N-cadherin to regenerate retinal neurons","volume":"140","author":"Nagashima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagashima, M., and Hitchcock, P. (2021). Inflammation Regulates the Multi-Step Process of Retinal Regeneration in Zebrafish. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040783"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-121219-081808","article-title":"Reprogramming M\u00fcller Glia to Regenerate Retinal Neurons","volume":"6","author":"Lahne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9387","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-21-09387.2002","article-title":"Insulin and fibroblast growth factor 2 activate a neurogenic program in M\u00fcller glia of the chicken retina","volume":"22","author":"Fischer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2742","article-title":"Retinoic Acid-signaling regulates the proliferative and neurogenic capacity of M\u00fcller glia-derived progenitor cells in the avian retina","volume":"36","author":"Todd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackshaw, S., Harpavat, S., Trimarchi, J., Cai, L., Huang, H., Kuo, W.P., Weber, G., Lee, K., Fraioli, R.E., and Cho, S.H. (2004). Genomic analysis of mouse retinal development. PLoS Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020247"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21730","article-title":"The transcriptome of retinal M\u00fcller glial cells","volume":"509","author":"Roesch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2016.12.003","article-title":"Adult human retinal M\u00fcller glia display distinct peripheral and macular expression of CD117 and CD44 stem cell-associated proteins","volume":"119","author":"Too","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.09.015","article-title":"Differences between the neurogenic and proliferative abilities of M\u00fcller glia with stem cell characteristics and the ciliary epithelium from the adult human eye","volume":"93","author":"Bhatia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000328979","article-title":"Muller glial cells in retinal disease","volume":"227","author":"Bringmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.07.001","article-title":"Cellular signaling and factors involved in Muller cell gliosis: Neuroprotective and detrimental effects","volume":"28","author":"Bringmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09743-8","article-title":"Retinal cell death dependent reactive proliferative gliosis in the mouse retina","volume":"7","author":"Oertel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-2558(03)31051-3","article-title":"M\u00fcller Cells in Retinopathies","volume":"31","author":"Bringmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2006.05.003","article-title":"M\u00fcller cells in the healthy and diseased retina","volume":"25","author":"Bringmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20361","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor receptor expression regulates proliferation in the postnatal rat retina","volume":"54","author":"Close","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4210","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4193-06.2007","article-title":"Wnt signaling promotes regeneration in the retina of adult mammals","volume":"27","author":"Osakada","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.08.178","article-title":"Sonic hedgehog promotes stem-cell potential of M\u00fcller glia in the mammalian retina","volume":"363","author":"Wan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Debbio, C.B., Balasubramanian, S., Parameswaran, S., Chaudhuri, A., Qiu, F., and Ahmad, I. (2010). Notch and Wnt signaling mediated rod photoreceptor regeneration by M\u00fcller cells in adult mammalian retina. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012425"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10774","article-title":"Wnt signaling promotes M\u00fcller cell proliferation and survival after injury","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_273","first-page":"864","article-title":"In vitro characterization of a spontaneously immortalized human Muller cell line (MIO-M1)","volume":"43","author":"Limb","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2006-0724","article-title":"MIO-M1 cells and similar muller glial cell lines derived from adult human retina exhibit neural stem cell characteristics","volume":"25","author":"Lawrence","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2017.03.013","article-title":"M\u00fcller cells and diabetic retinopathy","volume":"139","author":"Coughlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9527","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8631","article-title":"Role of \u03b2-Adrenergic Receptor Regulation of TNF-\u03b1 and Insulin Signaling in Retinal M\u00fcller Cells","volume":"52","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21606","article-title":"Trophic factors and neuronal interactions regulate the cell cycle and Pax6 expression in M\u00fcller stem cells","volume":"86","author":"Insua","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35423","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35423","article-title":"The microRNA expression profile of mouse M\u00fcller glia in vivo and in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Wohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.07.061","article-title":"The miR-216a-Dot1l Regulatory Axis Is Necessary and Sufficient for Muller Glia Reprogramming during Retina Regeneration","volume":"28","author":"Kara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev179556","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.179556","article-title":"MicroRNAs miR-25, let-7 and miR-124 regulate the neurogenic potential of M\u00fcller glia in mice","volume":"146","author":"Wohl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/gtc.12809","article-title":"Overexpression of neural miRNAs miR-9\/9* and miR-124 suppresses differentiation to M\u00fcller glia and promotes differentiation to neurons in mouse retina in vivo","volume":"25","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108909","article-title":"The role of microRNAs in glaucoma","volume":"215","author":"Greene","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03874-8","article-title":"Analysis of Muller glia specific genes and their histone modification using Hes1-promoter driven EGFP expressing mouse","volume":"7","author":"Ueno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2019.06.019","article-title":"Development and epigenetic plasticity of murine M\u00fcller glia","volume":"1866","author":"Dvoriantchikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19814","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1312009110","article-title":"Analysis of DNA methylation reveals a partial reprogramming of the Muller glia genome during retina regeneration","volume":"110","author":"Powell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23283","article-title":"Stimulation of functional neuronal regeneration from M\u00fcller glia in adult mice","volume":"548","author":"Jorstad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4853-07.2008","article-title":"The proneural basic helix-loop-helix gene ascl1a is required for retina regeneration","volume":"28","author":"Fausett","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabb8598","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8598","article-title":"Gene regulatory networks controlling vertebrate retinal regeneration","volume":"370","author":"Hoang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103914","article-title":"M\u00fcller glia fused with adult stem cells undergo neural differentiation in human retinal models","volume":"77","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI85193","article-title":"Reprogramming Muller glia via in vivo cell fusion regenerates murine photoreceptors","volume":"126","author":"Sanges","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248012","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248012","article-title":"Stem cell signaling. An integral program for tissue renewal and regeneration: Wnt signaling and stem cell control","volume":"346","author":"Clevers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173049","article-title":"Systemic and local delivery of mesenchymal stem cells for heart renovation: Challenges and innovations","volume":"876","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14885","article-title":"Enriched environment provides neuroprotection against experimental glaucoma","volume":"152","author":"Devouassoux","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/23\/3755\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:25:50Z","timestamp":1760145950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/23\/3755"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"references-count":293,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11233755"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11233755","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]}}}