{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T03:49:01Z","timestamp":1784864941545,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA 2301\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA 2301\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#326998133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#326998133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["CA 2301\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA 2301\/1-1"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["#326998133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#326998133"]}]},{"name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","award":["CA 2301\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA 2301\/1-1"]}]},{"name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","award":["#326998133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#326998133"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","award":["CA 2301\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA 2301\/1-1"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","award":["#326998133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#326998133"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrospun nanofibers represent an ideal matrix for the purpose of skeletal muscle tissue engineering due to their highly aligned structure in the nanoscale, mimicking the extracellular matrix of skeletal muscle. However, they often consist of high-density packed fibers, which might impair vascularization. The integration of polyethylene oxide (PEO) sacrificial fibers, which dissolve in water, enables the creation of less dense structures. This study examines potential benefits of poly-\u03b5-caprolactone-collagen I-PEO-nanoscaffolds (PCP) in terms of neovascularization and distribution of newly formed vessels compared to poly-\u03b5-caprolactone -collagen I-nanoscaffolds (PC) in a modified arteriovenous loop model in the rat. For this purpose, the superficial inferior epigastric artery and vein as well as a motor nerve branch were integrated into a multilayer three-dimensional nanofiber scaffold construct, which was enclosed by an isolation chamber. Numbers and spatial distribution of sprouting vessels as well as macrophages were analyzed via immunohistochemistry after two and four weeks of implantation. After four weeks, aligned PC showed a higher number of newly formed vessels, regardless of the compartments formed in PCP by the removal of sacrificial fibers. Both groups showed cell influx and no difference in macrophage invasion. In this study, a model of combined axial vascularization and neurotization of a PCL-collagen I-nanofiber construct could be established for the first time. These results provide a foundation for the in vivo implantation of cells, taking a major step towards the generation of functional skeletal muscle tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T04:56:25Z","timestamp":1669611385000},"page":"3774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Vascularization of Poly-\u03b5-Caprolactone-Collagen I-Nanofibers with or without Sacrificial Fibers in the Neurotized Arteriovenous Loop Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Kratzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery and Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2473-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Arkudas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery and Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6016-9911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Himmler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymer Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"KeyLab Advanced Fiber Technology, Bavarian Polymer Institute, Dr.-Mack-Strasse 77, 90762 F\u00fcrth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk W.","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymer Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"KeyLab Advanced Fiber Technology, Bavarian Polymer Institute, Dr.-Mack-Strasse 77, 90762 F\u00fcrth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Schneidereit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2149-1094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2238-2049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91052 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6561-2353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymund E.","family":"Horch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery and Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8738-9298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aijia","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery and Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, A., Hardt, M., Schneider, P., Schmid, R., Lange, C., Dippold, D., Schubert, D.W., Boos, A.M., Weigand, A., and Arkudas, A. 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