{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:26:42Z","timestamp":1789381602732,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]],"date-time":"2022-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81360072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81360072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81660102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81660102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018FE001(-051)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018FE001(-051)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017NS280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017NS280"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yunnan Natural Science Foundation","award":["81360072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81360072"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Natural Science Foundation","award":["81660102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81660102"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Natural Science Foundation","award":["2018FE001(-051)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018FE001(-051)"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Natural Science Foundation","award":["2017NS280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017NS280"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Health Science and Technology Program Project","award":["81360072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81360072"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Health Science and Technology Program Project","award":["81660102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81660102"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Health Science and Technology Program Project","award":["2018FE001(-051)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018FE001(-051)"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Health Science and Technology Program Project","award":["2017NS280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017NS280"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To study the effect and mechanism of the Clostridium metabolite p-Cresol sulfate (PCS) in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to detect differences in tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, PCS, and p-Cresyl glucuronide (PCG) between the serum of PBC patients and healthy controls. In vivo experiments, mice were divided into the normal control, PBC group, and PBC tyrosine group. GC-MS was used to detect PCS and PCG. Serum and liver inflammatory factors were compared between groups along with the polarization of liver Kupffer cells. Additionally, PCS was cultured with normal bile duct epithelial cells and Kupffer cells, respectively. PCS-stimulated Kupffer cells were co-cultured with lipopolysaccharide-injured bile duct epithelial cells to detect changes in inflammatory factors. Results: Levels of tyrosine and phenylalanine were increased, but PCS level was reduced in PBC patients, with PCG showing a lower concentration distribution in both groups. PCS in PBC mice was also lower than those in normal control mice. After oral administration of tyrosine feed to PBC mice, PCS increased, liver inflammatory factors were decreased, and anti-inflammatory factors were increased. Furthermore, Kupffer cells in the liver polarized form M1 transitioned to M2. PCS can damage normal bile duct epithelial cells and suppress the immune response of Kupffer cells. But PCS protects bile duct epithelial cells damaged by LPS through Kupffer cells. Conclusions: PCS produced by Clostridium-metabolized tyrosine reduced PBC inflammation, suggesting that intervention by food, or supplementation with PCS might represent an effective clinical strategy for treating PBC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T04:56:25Z","timestamp":1669611385000},"page":"3782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Clostridium Metabolite P-Cresol Sulfate Relieves Inflammation of Primary Biliary Cholangitis by Regulating Kupffer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hai-Yan","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue Wuhua Area, Kunming 650101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Min","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue Wuhua Area, Kunming 650101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue Wuhua Area, Kunming 650101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu-Tao","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue Wuhua Area, Kunming 650101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue Wuhua Area, Kunming 650101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Yan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue Wuhua Area, Kunming 650101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue Wuhua Area, Kunming 650101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Xia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue Wuhua Area, Kunming 650101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Tao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue Wuhua Area, Kunming 650101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong-Fang","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue Wuhua Area, Kunming 650101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay Kumar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue Wuhua Area, Kunming 650101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lagan Kumar","family":"Manandhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue Wuhua Area, Kunming 650101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Min","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliary Surgery Department First People\u2019s Hospital of Yunnan, No. 157 Jinbi Road Xishan Area, Kunming 650101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Mei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue Wuhua Area, Kunming 650101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30343-7","article-title":"Current and potential treatments for primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"5","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. 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