{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T11:47:42Z","timestamp":1767008862910,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"CONACYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["320520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320520"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute of Mexico","award":["320520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320520"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The activation of the maternal immune system by a prenatal infection is considered a risk factor for developing psychiatric disorders in the offspring. Toxoplasma gondii is one of the pathogenic infections associated with schizophrenia. Recent studies have shown an association between high levels of IgG anti-T. gondii from mothers and their neonates, with a higher risk of developing schizophrenia. The absence of the parasite and the levels of IgGs found in the early stages of life suggest a transplacental transfer of the anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies, which could bind fetal brain structures by molecular mimicry and induce alterations in neurodevelopment. This study aimed to determine the maternal pathogenic antibodies formation that led to behavioral impairment on the progeny of rats immunized with T. gondii. Female rats were immunized prior to gestation with T. gondii lysate (3 times\/once per week). The anti-T. gondii IgG levels were determined in the serum of pregestational exposed females\u2019 previous mating. After this, locomotor activity, cognitive and social tests were performed. Cortical neurotransmitter levels for dopamine and glutamate were evaluated at 60 PND in the progeny of rats immunized before gestation (Pregestational group). The maternal pathogenic antibodies were evidenced by their binding to fetal brain mimotopes in the Pregestational group and the reactivity of the serum containing anti-T. gondii IgG was tested in control fetal brains (non-immunized). These results showed that the Pregestational group presented impairment in short and long-term memory, hypoactivity and alteration in social behavior, which was also associated with a decrease in cortical glutamate and dopamine levels. We also found the IgG antibodies bound to brain mimotopes in fetuses from females immunized with T. gondii, as well as observing a strong reactivity of the serum females immunized for fetal brain structures of fetuses from unimmunized mothers. Our results suggest that the exposure to T. gondii before gestation produced maternal pathogenic antibodies that can recognize fetal brain mimotopes and lead to neurochemical and behavioral alterations in the offspring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T01:42:02Z","timestamp":1669686122000},"page":"3819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pregestational Exposure to T. gondii Produces Maternal Antibodies That Recognize Fetal Brain Mimotopes and Induces Neurochemical and Behavioral Dysfunction in the Offspring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4359-4243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunice","family":"Romero N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, DCBS, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico 09340, Mexico"},{"name":"Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8235-4723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tonali","family":"Blanco Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5824-4839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo Ignacio","family":"V\u00e1zquez Cervantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1356-6428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Rold\u00e1n-Rold\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8262-3399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinora Fabiola","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Esquivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6702-4010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sa\u00e9","family":"Mu\u00f1iz-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Oncolog\u00eda Experimental, Subdirecci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alel\u00ed","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maricela","family":"M\u00e9ndez Armenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neuropathology Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2095-9182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sa\u00fal","family":"G\u00f3mez-Manzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica Gen\u00e9tica, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, M\u00e9xico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Conchillos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), M\u00e9xico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Luna-Nophal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, DCBS, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico 09340, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Oncolog\u00eda Experimental, Subdirecci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alma Patrica","family":"Acosta Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1455-312X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjam\u00edn","family":"Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, 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Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00518-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection and its implications within the central nervous system","volume":"19","author":"Matta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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