{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T20:33:21Z","timestamp":1793392401683,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004166","name":"Medical University of Warsaw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1M4\/NM1\/17\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1M4\/NM1\/17\/17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus superantigens (SAgs) have been reported to aggravate atopic dermatitis. However, comprehensive analyses of these molecules in multiple microniches are lacking. The present study involved 50 adult patients with active atopic dermatitis. S. aureus was isolated from the lesional skin, nonlesional skin, and anterior nares. Multiplex-PCR was performed to identify genes encoding (1) selX (core genome); (2) seg, selI, selM, selN, selO, selU (enterotoxin gene cluster, EGC); and (3) sea, seb, sec, sed, see, tstH (classic SAgs encoded on other mobile genetic elements). The results were correlated to clinical parameters of the study group. selx and EGC were the most prevalent in all microniches. The number of SAg-encoding genes correlated between the anterior nares and nonlesional skin, and between the nonlesional and lesional skin. On lesional skin, the total number of SAg genes correlated with disease severity (total and objective SCORAD, intensity, erythema, edema\/papulation, lichenification and dryness). Linear regression revealed that AD severity was predicted only by selx and EGC. This study revealed that selX and EGC are associated with atopic dermatitis severity. Anterior nares and nonlesional skin could be reservoirs of SAg-positive S. aureus. Restoring the physiological microbiome could reduce the SAg burden and alleviate syndromes of atopic dermatitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T04:40:09Z","timestamp":1670215209000},"page":"3921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Enterotoxin Gene Cluster and selX Are Associated with Atopic Dermatitis Severity\u2014A Cross-Sectional Molecular Study of Staphylococcus aureus Superantigens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Leszek","family":"Blicharz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"\u017bochowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4314-3522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ksenia","family":"Szymanek-Majchrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6139-7281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Czuwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8646-1179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Goldust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Skowro\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Analytics and Predictive Modelling Group, 00-001 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gra\u017cyna","family":"M\u0142ynarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Olszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Samochocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Rudnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0001-z","article-title":"Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"4","author":"Weidinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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