{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:09:21Z","timestamp":1792804161996,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]],"date-time":"2022-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology through grants from the Research Program 2017\u20132020","award":["2018\/03035-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/03035-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03wma5x57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology through grants from the Research Program 2017\u20132020","award":["2021\/10410-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/10410-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03wma5x57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology through grants from the Research Program 2021\u20132024","award":["2018\/03035-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/03035-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03wma5x57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology through grants from the Research Program 2021\u20132024","award":["2021\/10410-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/10410-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03wma5x57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","award":["2018\/03035-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/03035-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ddkpn78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","award":["2021\/10410-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/10410-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ddkpn78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Morphine, a commonly used antinociceptive drug in hospitals, is known to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by first passing through brain endothelial cells. Despite its pain-relieving effect, morphine also has detrimental effects, such as the potential induction of redox imbalance in the brain. However, there is still insufficient evidence of these effects on the brain, particularly on the brain endothelial cells and the extracellular vesicles that they naturally release. Indeed, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized bioparticles produced by almost all cell types and are currently thought to reflect the physiological state of their parent cells. These vesicles have emerged as a promising source of biomarkers by indicating the functional or dysfunctional state of their parent cells and, thus, allowing a better understanding of the biological processes involved in an adverse state. However, there is very little information on the morphine effect on human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), and even less on their released EVs. Therefore, the current study aimed at unraveling the detrimental mechanisms of morphine exposure (at 1, 10, 25, 50 and 100 \u00b5M) for 24 h on human brain microvascular endothelial cells as well as on their associated EVs. Isolation of EVs was carried out using an affinity-based method. Several orthogonal techniques (NTA, western blotting and proteomics analysis) were used to validate the EVs enrichment, quality and concentration. Data-independent mass spectrometry (DIA-MS)-based proteomics was applied in order to analyze the proteome modulations induced by morphine on HBMECs and EVs. We were able to quantify almost 5500 proteins in HBMECs and 1500 proteins in EVs, of which 256 and 148, respectively, were found to be differentially expressed in at least one condition. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the \u201ccell adhesion and extracellular matrix remodeling\u201d process and the \u201cHIF1 pathway\u201d, a pathway related to oxidative stress responses, were significantly modulated upon morphine exposure in HBMECs and EVs. Altogether, the combination of proteomics and bioinformatics findings highlighted shared pathways between HBMECs exposed to morphine and their released EVs. These results put forward molecular signatures of morphine-induced toxicity in HBMECs that were also carried by EVs. Therefore, EVs could potentially be regarded as a useful tool to investigate brain endothelial cells dysfunction, and to a different extent, the BBB dysfunction in patient circulation using these \u201csignature pathways\u201d.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T04:40:09Z","timestamp":1670215209000},"page":"3926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Oxidative Stress and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling Are Signature Pathways of Extracellular Vesicles Released upon Morphine Exposure on Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7410-6148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatjana","family":"Vuji\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1133-0462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domitille","family":"Schvartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2745-7612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izadora Liran\u00e7o","family":"Furlani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-904, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Meister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7204-2363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4180-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Rudaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Charles","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013628","article-title":"Opioids and the treatment of chronic pain: Controversies, current status, and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. 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