{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:56:01Z","timestamp":1790873761399,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Public Health and Nutrition Division\u201d, Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt of India","award":["(BT\/PR38038\/PFN\/20\/1528\/2020)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(BT\/PR38038\/PFN\/20\/1528\/2020)."]}]},{"name":"the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","award":["(BT\/PR38038\/PFN\/20\/1528\/2020)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(BT\/PR38038\/PFN\/20\/1528\/2020)."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a cell-wall immunostimulatory endotoxin component of Gram-negative bacteria. A growing body of evidence reveals that alterations in the bacterial composition of the intestinal microbiota (gut dysbiosis) disrupt host immune homeostasis and the intestinal barrier function. Microbial dysbiosis leads to a proinflammatory milieu and systemic endotoxemia, which contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders. Two important pathophysiological hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are oxidative\/nitrative stress and inflammation, which can be initiated by elevated intestinal permeability, with increased abundance of pathobionts. These changes lead to excessive release of LPS and other bacterial products into blood, which in turn induce chronic systemic inflammation, which damages the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB). An impaired BBB allows the translocation of potentially harmful bacterial products, including LPS, and activated neutrophils\/leucocytes into the brain, which results in neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Chronic neuroinflammation causes neuronal damage and synaptic loss, leading to memory impairment. LPS-induced inflammation causes inappropriate activation of microglia, astrocytes, and dendritic cells. Consequently, these alterations negatively affect mitochondrial function and lead to increases in oxidative\/nitrative stress and neuronal senescence. These cellular changes in the brain give rise to specific clinical symptoms, such as impairment of locomotor function, muscle weakness, paralysis, learning deficits, and dementia. This review summarizes the contributing role of LPS in the development of neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death in various neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11244038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T02:54:21Z","timestamp":1670986461000},"page":"4038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Role of Endogenous Lipopolysaccharides in Neurological Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Manjunath","family":"Kalyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Hediyal","family":"Tousif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharma","family":"Sonali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrasekaran","family":"Vichitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuladhar","family":"Sunanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sankar Simla","family":"Praveenraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3553-4996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bipul","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasavi Rakesh","family":"Gorantla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical sciences, School of Medicine, St. George\u2019s University Grenada, West Indies FZ818, Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiramon","family":"Rungratanawanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arehally M.","family":"Mahalakshmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6757-1922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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