{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:30:14Z","timestamp":1790771414516,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["MOST-109-2628-B-006-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-109-2628-B-006-019"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["MOST-110-2628-B-006-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-110-2628-B-006-023"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["NSTC-111-2628-B-006-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-111-2628-B-006-018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity and its associated complications are global public health concerns. Metabolic disturbances and immune dysregulation cause adipose tissue stress and dysfunction in obese individuals. Immune cell accumulation in the adipose microenvironment is the main cause of insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. Infiltrated immune cells, adipocytes, and stromal cells are all involved in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in adipose tissues and affect systemic homeostasis. Interferons (IFNs) are a large family of pleiotropic cytokines that play a pivotal role in host antiviral defenses. IFNs are critical immune modulators in response to pathogens, dead cells, and several inflammation-mediated diseases. Several studies have indicated that IFNs are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. In this review, we discuss the roles of IFN family cytokines in the development of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11244041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T04:15:00Z","timestamp":1670991300000},"page":"4041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Interferon Family Cytokines in Obesity and Insulin Sensitivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ling-Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiao-Juno","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Hsi","family":"Hsing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2738-2638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Hsiang","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"},{"name":"Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan"},{"name":"Antibody New Drug Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.10.001","article-title":"Obesity Statistics","volume":"43","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111315","article-title":"Adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese","volume":"137","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00390-6","article-title":"The aetiology and molecular landscape of insulin resistance","volume":"22","author":"James","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20973","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: From steatosis to cirrhosis","volume":"43","author":"Farrell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1479","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: An Overview","volume":"4","author":"Parthasarathy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakurai, Y., Kubota, N., Yamauchi, T., and Kadowaki, T. (2021). Role of Insulin Resistance in MAFLD. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084156"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313654","article-title":"Adipose tissue macrophages induce hepatic neutrophil recruitment and macrophage accumulation in mice","volume":"67","author":"Bijnen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.02.038","article-title":"Adiposopathy is \u201csick fat\u201d a cardiovascular disease?","volume":"57","author":"Bays","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1000807","article-title":"Effect of moderate obesity on glucose transport in human muscle","volume":"26","author":"Elton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciaraldi, T.P., Ryan, A.J., Mudaliar, S.R., and Henry, R.R. (2016). Altered Myokine Secretion Is an Intrinsic Property of Skeletal Muscle in Type 2 Diabetes. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158209"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00107","article-title":"FGF21 as a Hepatokine, Adipokine, and Myokine in Metabolism and Diseases","volume":"5","author":"Itoh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E769","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2749","article-title":"Irisin is expressed and produced by human muscle and adipose tissue in association with obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"98","author":"Ortega","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11968","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.336834","article-title":"Myonectin (CTRP15), a novel myokine that links skeletal muscle to systemic lipid homeostasis","volume":"287","author":"Seldin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0943","article-title":"Increased secretion and expression of myostatin in skeletal muscle from extremely obese women","volume":"58","author":"Hittel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041213","article-title":"Adipokines: Inflammation and the pleiotropic role of white adipose tissue","volume":"92","author":"Trayhurn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01849.x","article-title":"Retinol-binding protein 4 as a plasma biomarker of renal dysfunction and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes","volume":"262","author":"Cabre","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0287","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory CD11c+CD206+ adipose tissue macrophages are associated with insulin resistance in human obesity","volume":"59","author":"Wentworth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.133","article-title":"Depot-specific differences in inflammatory mediators and a role for NK cells and IFN-gamma in inflammation in human adipose tissue","volume":"33","author":"Metcalf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1404","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Macrophages Function As Antigen-Presenting Cells and Regulate Adipose Tissue CD4+ T Cells in Mice","volume":"62","author":"Morris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M800132-JLR200","article-title":"Neutrophils transiently infiltrate intra-abdominal fat early in the course of high-fat feeding","volume":"49","author":"Rudich","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.177105","article-title":"Interferon-gamma, a Th1 cytokine, regulates fat inflammation: A role for adaptive immunity in obesity","volume":"103","author":"Rocha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1970.00310070086008","article-title":"The Biological Significance of the Interferon System","volume":"126","author":"Baron","year":"1970","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1957.0048","article-title":"Virus interference. I. The interferon","volume":"147","author":"Isaacs","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1126\/science.149.3681.310","article-title":"Interferon-Like Virus-Inhibitor Induced in Human Leukocytes by Phytohemagglutinin","volume":"149","author":"Wheelock","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/ni875","article-title":"IFN-lambdas mediate antiviral protection through a distinct class II cytokine receptor complex","volume":"4","author":"Kotenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1038\/11360","article-title":"Plasmacytoid monocytes migrate to inflamed lymph nodes and produce large amounts of type I interferon","volume":"5","author":"Cella","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"486","article-title":"Dendritic cells and IFN-alpha-producing cells are two functionally distinct non-B, non-monocytic HLA-DR+ cell subsets in human peripheral blood","volume":"68","author":"Chehimi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/305319a0","article-title":"Different antiviral spectra of human macrophage interferon activities","volume":"305","author":"Bell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201095","article-title":"Endothelial cells and fibroblasts amplify the arthritogenic type I IFN response in murine Lyme disease and are major sources of chemokines in Borrelia burgdorferi-infected joint tissue","volume":"189","author":"Lochhead","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01478.x","article-title":"Induction of type I interferons by bacteria","volume":"12","author":"Monroe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreyra, G.A., Elinoff, J.M., Demirkale, C.Y., Starost, M.F., Buckley, M., Munson, P.J., Krakauer, T., and Danner, R.L. (2014). Late multiple organ surge in interferon-regulated target genes characterizes staphylococcal enterotoxin B lethality. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088756"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180S","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12875497","article-title":"Role of interferons in the therapy of melanoma","volume":"95","author":"Kirkwood","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1995.15.1047","article-title":"Potential application of human interferon-alpha in microbial infections of the oral cavity","volume":"15","author":"Fujioka","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4254","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401109","article-title":"Therapeutic activity of high-dose intratumoral IFN-beta requires direct effect on the tumor vasculature","volume":"193","author":"Spaapen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101159","article-title":"Host type I IFN signals are required for antitumor CD8+ T cell responses through CD8{alpha}+ dendritic cells","volume":"208","author":"Fuertes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101158","article-title":"Type I interferon is selectively required by dendritic cells for immune rejection of tumors","volume":"208","author":"Diamond","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197907053010102","article-title":"Immune Interferon in the Circulation of Patients with Autoimmune Disease","volume":"301","author":"Hooks","year":"1979","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2011.150326","article-title":"Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, myositis, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma share activation of a common type I interferon pathway","volume":"70","author":"Higgs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0466-2","article-title":"Interferon target-gene expression and epigenomic signatures in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Barrat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503322238809","article-title":"Interferon-alpha and autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"13","author":"Prummel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1532\/IJH97.04087","article-title":"Interferon-zeta\/limitin: Novel type I interferon that displays a narrow range of biological activity","volume":"80","author":"Oritani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2004.03.003","article-title":"Characterization of the type I interferon locus and identification of novel genes","volume":"84","author":"Hardy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2019.05.001","article-title":"Type I interferon signaling, regulation and gene stimulation in chronic virus infection","volume":"43","author":"Lukhele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3581","article-title":"Regulation of type I interferon responses","volume":"14","author":"Ivashkiv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2019.101299","article-title":"Interferon signaling in cancer. Non-canonical pathways and control of intracellular immune checkpoints","volume":"43","author":"Saleiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59643","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity and polarization: In vivo veritas","volume":"122","author":"Sica","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030630","article-title":"Constitutive cytokine mRNAs mark natural killer (NK) and NK T cells poised for rapid effector function","volume":"198","author":"Stetson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(07)96002-2","article-title":"Regulation of Interferon-\u03b3 during Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses","volume":"96","author":"Schoenborn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/08830180213281","article-title":"The role of cytokines and their signaling pathways in the regulation of immunity to Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"21","author":"Lieberman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/ni794","article-title":"T-bet is a STAT1-induced regulator of IL-12R expression in naive CD4+ T cells","volume":"3","author":"Afkarian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5464","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.11.5464","article-title":"IL-21 in synergy with IL-15 or IL-18 enhances IFN-gamma production in human NK and T cells","volume":"170","author":"Strengell","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6551","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.22.6551","article-title":"Functional dissection of the cytoplasmic subregions of the IL-2 receptor betac chain in primary lymphocyte populations","volume":"17","author":"Fujii","year":"1998","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.5.2706","article-title":"Invariant NKT cells amplify the innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide","volume":"178","author":"Nagarajan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31422","article-title":"Altered macrophage differentiation and immune dysfunction in tumor development","volume":"117","author":"Sica","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2004.05.003","article-title":"Interferon-gamma is an autocrine mediator for dendritic cell maturation","volume":"94","author":"Pan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3107127","article-title":"Interferon-gamma and B cell stimulatory factor-1 reciprocally regulate Ig isotype production","volume":"236","author":"Snapper","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/378088a0","article-title":"Cloning of a new cytokine that induces IFN-gamma production by T cells","volume":"378","author":"Okamura","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(00)00083-2","article-title":"Signal transduction by the TCR for antigen","volume":"12","author":"Kane","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199902)29:02<548::AID-IMMU548>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Induction of interferon-gamma production in Th1 CD4+ T cells: Evidence for two distinct pathways for promoter activation","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8197455","article-title":"Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins","volume":"264","author":"Darnell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/ni873","article-title":"IL-28, IL-29 and their class II cytokine receptor IL-28R","volume":"4","author":"Sheppard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2521","article-title":"A variant upstream of IFNL3 (IL28B) creating a new interferon gene IFNL4 is associated with impaired clearance of hepatitis C virus","volume":"45","author":"Muchmore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1159\/000369902","article-title":"The Role of Interferon-lambda Locus Polymorphisms in Hepatitis C and Other Infectious Diseases","volume":"7","author":"Griffiths","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4501","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.9.4501-4509.2006","article-title":"Lambda interferon (IFN-lambda), a type III IFN, is induced by viruses and IFNs and displays potent antiviral activity against select virus infections in vivo","volume":"80","author":"Ank","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1139522","article-title":"TLR3 Deficiency in Patients with Herpes Simplex Encephalitis","volume":"317","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2009.72","article-title":"Despite IFN-lambda receptor expression, blood immune cells, but not keratinocytes or melanocytes, have an impaired response to type III interferons: Implications for therapeutic applications of these cytokines","volume":"10","author":"Witte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21312","article-title":"Interleukin-29 uses a type 1 interferon-like program to promote antiviral responses in human hepatocytes","volume":"44","author":"Doyle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermant, P., Demarez, C., Mahlakoiv, T., Staeheli, P., Meuleman, P., and Michiels, T. (2014). Human but not mouse hepatocytes respond to interferon-lambda in vivo. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087906"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3A0215-041RR","article-title":"IFN-lambda is able to augment TLR-mediated activation and subsequent function of primary human B cells","volume":"98","author":"Groothuismink","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102038","article-title":"Type III IFNs are produced by and stimulate human plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"189","author":"Yin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-07-298976","article-title":"IL-29 and IFNalpha differ in their ability to modulate IL-12 production by TLR-activated human macrophages and exhibit differential regulation of the IFNgamma receptor expression","volume":"117","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M.Q., Zhou, D.J., Wang, X., Zhou, W., Ye, L., Li, J.L., Wang, Y.Z., and Ho, W.Z. (2012). IFN-lambda3 inhibits HIV infection of macrophages through the JAK-STAT pathway. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035902"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12717","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12717","article-title":"IFN-lambda4 inhibits HIV infection of macrophages through signalling of IFN-lambdaR1\/IL-10R2 receptor complex","volume":"88","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahlakoiv, T., Hernandez, P., Gronke, K., Diefenbach, A., and Staeheli, P. (2015). Leukocyte-derived IFN-alpha\/beta and epithelial IFN-lambda constitute a compartmentalized mucosal defense system that restricts enteric virus infections. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004782"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J.D., Feng, N., Sen, A., Balan, M., Tseng, H.C., McElrath, C., Smirnov, S.V., Peng, J., Yasukawa, L.L., and Durbin, R.K. (2016). Distinct Roles of Type I and Type III Interferons in Intestinal Immunity to Homologous and Heterologous Rotavirus Infections. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005726"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0416-7","article-title":"Viral complementation of immunodeficiency confers protection against enteric pathogens via interferon-lambda","volume":"4","author":"Ingle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau4255","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau4255","article-title":"Type III interferon signaling restricts enterovirus 71 infection of goblet cells","volume":"5","author":"Good","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33354","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.33354","article-title":"IFN-lambda prevents influenza virus spread from the upper airways to the lungs and limits virus transmission","volume":"7","author":"Klinkhammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.4.2474","article-title":"An important role for type III interferon (IFN-lambda\/IL-28) in TLR-induced antiviral activity","volume":"180","author":"Ank","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0345-x","article-title":"Interferon-lambda enhances adaptive mucosal immunity by boosting release of thymic stromal lymphopoietin","volume":"20","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.013","article-title":"The JAK-STAT pathway at twenty","volume":"36","author":"Stark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.04.019","article-title":"Decreased interferon-alpha and interferon-beta production in obesity and expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling","volume":"29","author":"Hernandez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2018.03.014","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling and serum levels of interferon beta and lipopolysaccharide binding protein are related to abdominal obesity: A case-control study between metabolically healthy and metabolically unhealthy obese individuals","volume":"55","author":"Naghizadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.165100","article-title":"T-lymphocyte infiltration in visceral adipose tissue: A primary event in adipose tissue inflammation and the development of obesity-mediated insulin resistance","volume":"28","author":"Kintscher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2124","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab912","article-title":"Clinical Significance of Insulin Peptide-specific Interferon-gamma-related Immune Responses in Ketosis-prone Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"107","author":"Satomura","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaai7616","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aai7616","article-title":"Type I Interferon Responses Drive Intrahepatic T cells to Promote Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Ghazarian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi18-0052","article-title":"The cGAS-cGAMP-STING Pathway: A Molecular Link Between Immunity and Metabolism","volume":"68","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23196","article-title":"Defective interferon amplification and impaired host responses against influenza virus in obese mice","volume":"29","author":"Gaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muskiet, F.A.J., Carrera-Bastos, P., Pruimboom, L., Lucia, A., and Furman, D. (2022). Obesity and Leptin Resistance in the Regulation of the Type I Interferon Early Response and the Increased Risk for Severe COVID-19. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071388"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, F.M., Weschenfelder, J., Sander, C., Minkwitz, J., Thormann, J., Chittka, T., Mergl, R., Kirkby, K.C., Fasshauer, M., and Stumvoll, M. (2015). Inflammatory cytokines in general and central obesity and modulating effects of physical activity. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121971"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H.R., Tain, Y.L., Sheen, J.M., Tiao, M.M., Chen, C.C., Kuo, H.C., Hung, P.L., Hsieh, K.S., and Huang, L.T. (2016). Prenatal Dexamethasone and Postnatal High-Fat Diet Decrease Interferon Gamma Production through an Age-Dependent Histone Modification in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17101610"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02138","article-title":"Increased T-helper interferon-gamma-secreting cells in obese children","volume":"154","author":"Pacifico","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.1","article-title":"T-cell recruitment and Th1 polarization in adipose tissue during diet-induced obesity in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"18","author":"Strissel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.152901","article-title":"The significance of IL-28B and CK-18 M30 levels in the diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in SD rats","volume":"216","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0262-9","article-title":"IL-29 promoted obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"8363","article-title":"Interleukin 29 activates expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 in macrophages via tolllike receptor 2","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1992.tb01465.x","article-title":"Effects of interferon alpha on insulin binding and glucose transport in human adipocytes","volume":"22","author":"Kolaczynski","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.06.007","article-title":"Interferon-alpha-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells drive the loss of adipose tissue regulatory T cells during obesity","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.4.778-809.2001","article-title":"Antiviral actions of interferons","volume":"14","author":"Samuel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5434","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.24.12.5434-5446.2004","article-title":"Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1) and SOCS-3 cause insulin resistance through inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins by discrete mechanisms","volume":"24","author":"Ueki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1112","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00370.2010","article-title":"Both type I and II IFN induce insulin resistance by inducing different isoforms of SOCS expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"300","author":"Wada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03419","article-title":"Ipr1 gene mediates innate immunity to tuberculosis","volume":"434","author":"Pan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"3440","article-title":"Adipose Recruitment and Activation of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Fuel Metaflammation","volume":"65","author":"Ghosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.38.5.641","article-title":"Effect of interferon on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity","volume":"38","author":"Koivisto","year":"1989","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00232","article-title":"Type I Interferon Is a Catastrophic Feature of the Diabetic Islet Microenvironment","volume":"8","author":"Newby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.02.002","article-title":"Interferon alpha impairs insulin production in human beta cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"80","author":"Lombardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1110-5","article-title":"Inflammation Markers in Type 2 Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome in the Pediatric Population","volume":"18","author":"Reinehr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02555","article-title":"Adiponectin Limits IFN-gamma and IL-17 Producing CD4 T Cells in Obesity by Restraining Cell Intrinsic Glycolysis","volume":"10","author":"Surendar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2279","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome instigates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"17","author":"Vandanmagsar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10096","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10096","article-title":"Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 is associated with insulin resistance and incident diabetes in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.2.183","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma inhibit insulin secretion and cause DNA damage in unweaned-rat islets. Extent of nitric oxide involvement","volume":"45","author":"Dunger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90414-X","article-title":"Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus induced in transgenic mice by ectopic expression of class II MHC and interferon-gamma","volume":"52","author":"Sarvetnick","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117707","article-title":"Insulin immunization of nonobese diabetic mice induces a protective insulitis characterized by diminished intraislet interferon-gamma transcription","volume":"95","author":"Muir","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1760","article-title":"Acute and selective inhibition of adipocyte glyceroneogenesis and cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase by interferon gamma","volume":"148","author":"Khazen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31936","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.061655","article-title":"Interferon gamma attenuates insulin signaling, lipid storage, and differentiation in human adipocytes via activation of the JAK\/STAT pathway","volume":"284","author":"McGillicuddy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28473","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28473","article-title":"Adipocyte-specific CD1d-deficiency mitigates diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice","volume":"6","author":"Satoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.180","article-title":"Interferon-gamma released from omental adipose tissue of insulin-resistant humans alters adipocyte phenotype and impairs response to insulin and adiponectin release","volume":"41","author":"Wentworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4099","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.7.4099","article-title":"Interferon inhibits the conversion of 3T3-L1 mouse fibroblasts into adipocytes","volume":"77","author":"Keay","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.05.005","article-title":"Virus-Induced Interferon-gamma Causes Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle and Derails Glycemic Control in Obesity","volume":"49","author":"Sestan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4341-0","article-title":"Deficiency in plasmacytoid dendritic cells and type I interferon signalling prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice","volume":"60","author":"Hannibal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.06.006","article-title":"Type 1 Interferons Induce Changes in Core Metabolism that Are Critical for Immune Function","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16571-4","article-title":"Type I interferon sensing unlocks dormant adipocyte inflammatory potential","volume":"11","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02649-13","article-title":"Beta interferon regulation of glucose metabolism is PI3K\/Akt dependent and important for antiviral activity against coxsackievirus B3","volume":"88","author":"Burke","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2016.76","article-title":"Interferon beta overexpression attenuates adipose tissue inflammation and high-fat diet-induced obesity and maintains glucose homeostasis","volume":"24","author":"Alsaggar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.06.051","article-title":"SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 inhibit IFN-alpha-induced expression of the antiviral proteins 2,5-OAS and MxA","volume":"320","author":"Vlotides","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuroda, M., Nishiguchi, M., Ugawa, N., Ishikawa, E., Kawabata, Y., Okamoto, S., Sasaki, W., Miyatake, Y., Sebe, M., and Masumoto, S. (2020). Interferon regulatory factor 7 mediates obesity-associated MCP-1 transcription. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233390"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12196","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1708744114","article-title":"DsbA-L prevents obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance by suppressing the mtDNA release-activated cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway","volume":"114","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-1574","article-title":"Free fatty acids inhibit insulin signaling-stimulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation through upregulating PTEN or inhibiting Akt kinase","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07317","article-title":"STING is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor that facilitates innate immune signalling","volume":"455","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309017","article-title":"STING-IRF3 Triggers Endothelial Inflammation in Response to Free Fatty Acid-Induced Mitochondrial Damage in Diet-Induced Obesity","volume":"37","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000021","article-title":"Obesity increases the production of proinflammatory mediators from adipose tissue T cells and compromises TCR repertoire diversity: Implications for systemic inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"185","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3690","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-0288","article-title":"Deficiency in interferon-gamma results in reduced body weight and better glucose tolerance in mice","volume":"152","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.01.010","article-title":"Antisense oligonucleotide treatment produces a type I interferon response that protects against diet-induced obesity","volume":"34","author":"McCabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.04898","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor signalings in cardiometabolic diseases","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26368","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor 9 protects against hepatic insulin resistance and steatosis in male mice","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E485","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00505.2012","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor 7 deficiency prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"305","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2022.104590","article-title":"The interferon regulatory factors, a double-edged sword, in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes","volume":"379","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4275","article-title":"Targeting inflammation in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Time to start","volume":"13","author":"Donath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc071324","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u2013Receptor Antagonist in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"357","author":"Malozowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.04.139","article-title":"IFN-alpha induces apoptosis of adipose tissue cells","volume":"345","author":"Birk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.08.003","article-title":"Interferon alpha-The key trigger of type 1 diabetes","volume":"94","author":"Lombardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2019.114650","article-title":"IFN-alpha-2b treatment protects against diet-induced obesity and alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice","volume":"379","author":"Quiroga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ying, W., Kanameni, S., Chang, C.A., Nair, V., Safe, S., Bazer, F.W., and Zhou, B. (2014). Interferon tau alleviates obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance by regulating macrophage polarization. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098835"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115055","article-title":"Essential role for interferon-gamma and interleukin-6 in autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes in NOD, Wehi mice","volume":"87","author":"Campbell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-07-443713","article-title":"Novel interferon-based pre-transplantation conditioning in the treatment of a congenital metabolic disorder","volume":"121","author":"Sato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/24\/4041\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:41:00Z","timestamp":1760146860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/11\/24\/4041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["cells11244041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11244041","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]}}}