{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:47:49Z","timestamp":1785804469944,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regione Campania","award":["L.R. N.5 Bando 2003 to MP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L.R. 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N.5 Bando 2003 to MP"]}]},{"name":"Italian Minister of Research and University","award":["PRIN 2007 to MP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2007 to MP"]}]},{"name":"Italian Minister of Research and University","award":["PRIN 2017-2017XJ38A4_003 to GC and MP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2017-2017XJ38A4_003 to GC and MP"]}]},{"name":"Italian Minister of Research and University","award":["Progetto ID 2019-ATESP-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Progetto ID 2019-ATESP-0001"]}]},{"name":"Italian Minister of Research and University","award":["Progetto ID 2018-CONV-0056 to AV"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Progetto ID 2018-CONV-0056 to AV"]}]},{"name":"UNIMIB","award":["L.R. N.5 Bando 2003 to MP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L.R. N.5 Bando 2003 to MP"]}]},{"name":"UNIMIB","award":["PRIN 2007 to MP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2007 to MP"]}]},{"name":"UNIMIB","award":["PRIN 2017-2017XJ38A4_003 to GC and MP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2017-2017XJ38A4_003 to GC and MP"]}]},{"name":"UNIMIB","award":["Progetto ID 2019-ATESP-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Progetto ID 2019-ATESP-0001"]}]},{"name":"UNIMIB","award":["Progetto ID 2018-CONV-0056 to AV"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Progetto ID 2018-CONV-0056 to AV"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis, are incurable autoimmune diseases characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. There is increasing evidence that inappropriate interaction between the enteric nervous system and central nervous system and\/or low activity of the vagus nerve, which connects the enteric and central nervous systems, could play a crucial role in their pathogenesis. Therefore, it has been suggested that appropriate neuroprosthetic stimulation of the vagus nerve could lead to the modulation of the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and consequent long-term control of these autoimmune diseases. In the present paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of (1) the cellular and molecular bases of the immune system, (2) the way central and enteric nervous systems interact and contribute to the immune responses, (3) the pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel disease, and (4) the therapeutic use of vagus nerve stimulation, and in particular, the transcutaneous stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Then, we expose the working hypotheses for the modulation of the molecular processes that are responsible for intestinal inflammation in autoimmune diseases and the way we could develop personalized neuroprosthetic therapeutic devices and procedures in favor of the patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11244103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T07:27:30Z","timestamp":1671434850000},"page":"4103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Vagus Nerve Stimulation: A Personalized Therapeutic Approach for Crohn\u2019s and Other Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3183-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cirillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Anatomy, Neuronal Morphology Networks & Systems Biology Lab, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flor","family":"Negrete-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurocomputing & Neurorobotics Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IdISSC), Hospital Clinico San Carlos de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Yucuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurocomputing & Neurorobotics Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Andalusian School of Public Health, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5304-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assunta","family":"Virtuoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Anatomy, Neuronal Morphology Networks & Systems Biology Lab, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4255-7179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohaib Ali","family":"Korai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Anatomy, Neuronal Morphology Networks & Systems Biology Lab, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8146-5736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciro","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Anatomy, Neuronal Morphology Networks & Systems Biology Lab, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1228-3859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenijus","family":"Kaniusas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Electronics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6609-7453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Papa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Anatomy, Neuronal Morphology Networks & Systems Biology Lab, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE-IT, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0897-411X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fivos","family":"Panetsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurocomputing & Neurorobotics Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IdISSC), Hospital Clinico San Carlos de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Silk Biomed SL, 28260 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12395","article-title":"Human autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive update","volume":"278","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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