{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T23:52:12Z","timestamp":1770421932923,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is a multifactorial condition influenced by genetic background, but the extent to which a genetic risk score (GRS) improves ESKD prediction is unknown. We built a redox GRS on the base of previous association studies (six polymorphisms from six redox genes) and tested its relationship with ESKD in three cohorts of people with type 1 diabetes. Among 1012 participants, ESKD (hemodialysis requirement, kidney transplantation, eGFR &lt; 15 mL\/min\/1.73 m2) occurred in 105 (10.4%) during a 14-year follow-up. High redox GRS was associated with increased ESKD risk (adjusted HR for the upper versus the lowest GRS tertile: 2.60 (95% CI, 1.51\u20134.48), p = 0.001). Each additional risk-allele was associated with a 20% increased risk of ESKD (95% CI, 8\u201333, p &lt; 0.0001). High GRS yielded a relevant population attributable fraction (30%), but only a marginal enhancement in c-statistics index (0.928 [0.903\u20130.954]) over clinical factors 0.921 (0.892\u20130.950), p = 0.04). This is the first report of an independent association between redox GRS and increased risk of ESKD in type 1 diabetes. Our results do not support the use of this GRS in clinical practice but provide new insights into the involvement of oxidative stress genetic factors in ESKD risk in type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11244131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T07:27:30Z","timestamp":1671434850000},"page":"4131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Redox Genetic Risk Score and the Incidence of End-Stage Kidney Disease in People with Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6139-1197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamel","family":"Mohammedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier de Bordeaux, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University Hospital of Bordeaux, 33604 Pessac, France"},{"name":"Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3071-1837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Marre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Clinique Ambroise Par\u00e9, 92200 Neuilly-sur-Seine, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samy","family":"Hadjadj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, 44109 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Potier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Clinique Ambroise Par\u00e9, 92200 Neuilly-sur-Seine, France"},{"name":"Service d\u2019Endocrinologie Diab\u00e9tologie Nutrition, H\u00f4pital Bichat, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8811-363X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Velho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2364","article-title":"Incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Helve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1118","article-title":"Cumulative Kidney Complication Risk by 50 Years of Type 1 Diabetes: The Effects of Sex, Age, and Calendar Year at Onset","volume":"41","author":"Costacou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-2477","article-title":"Renal Replacement Therapy in People with and without Diabetes in Germany, 2010\u20132016: An Analysis of More Than 25 Million Inhabitants","volume":"44","author":"Claessen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0926","article-title":"Range of Risk Factor Levels, Risk Control, and Temporal Trends for Nephropathy and End-stage Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"45","author":"Halminen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-2839","article-title":"Cardiovascular and Renal Disease Burden in Type 1 Compared with Type 2 Diabetes: A Two-Country Nationwide Observational Study","volume":"44","author":"Kristofi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1369","article-title":"Variations in Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease and Risk of Mortality in an International Study of Patients with Type 1 Diabetes and Advanced Nephropathy","volume":"42","author":"Skupien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2020.107735","article-title":"Estimating costs of diabetes complications in people <65 years in the U.S. using panel data","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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