{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T05:28:30Z","timestamp":1775021310265,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur"},{"name":"Hellenic Pasteur Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The SARS-CoV-2 infection was previously associated with the expression of the dopamine biosynthetic enzyme L-Dopa decarboxylase (DDC). Specifically, a negative correlation was detected between DDC mRNA and SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in in vitro infected epithelial cells and the nasopharyngeal tissue of COVID-19 patients with mild\/no symptoms. However, DDC, among other genes related to both DDC expression and SARS-CoV-2-infection (ACE2, dACE2, EPO), was upregulated in these patients, possibly attributed to an orchestrated host antiviral response. Herein, by comparing DDC expression in the nasopharyngeal swab samples of severe\/critical to mild COVID-19 cases, we showed a 20 mean-fold reduction, highlighting the importance of the expression of this gene as a potential marker of COVID-19 severity. Moreover, we identified an association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with the expression of key catecholamine biosynthesis\/metabolism-related genes, in whole blood samples from hospitalized patients and in cultured cells. Specifically, viral infection downregulated the biosynthetic part of the dopamine pathway (reduction in DDC expression up to 7.5 mean-fold), while enhanced the catabolizing part (increase in monoamine oxidases A and B expression up to 15 and 10 mean-fold, respectively) in vivo, irrespectively of the presence of comorbidities. In accordance, dopamine levels in the sera of severe cases were reduced (up to 3.8 mean-fold). Additionally, a moderate positive correlation between DDC and MAOA mRNA levels (r = 0.527, p &lt; 00001) in the blood was identified upon SARS-CoV-2-infection. These observations were consistent to the gene expression data from SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 and A549 epithelial cells. Furthermore, L-Dopa or dopamine treatment of infected cells attenuated the virus-derived cytopathic effect by 55% and 59%, respectively. The SARS-CoV-2 mediated suppression of dopamine biosynthesis in cell culture was, at least in part, attributed to hypoxia-like conditions triggered by viral infection. These findings suggest that L-Dopa\/dopamine intake may have a preventive or therapeutic value for COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T01:32:53Z","timestamp":1671586373000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Significance of Catecholamine Biosynthetic\/Metabolic Pathway in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Severity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"George","family":"Mpekoulis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katerina I.","family":"Kalliampakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raphaela S.","family":"Milona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Despoina","family":"Lagou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1880-7366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Ioannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, University of Peloponnese, 23100 Sparti, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7306-713X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edison","family":"Jahaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christos T.","family":"Chasapis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dionysis","family":"Kefallinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Zografou, 15773 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3004-8104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Karakasiliotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2508-500X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Kotanidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1251-8355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stylianos","family":"Chatzipanagiotou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biopathology, Medical School, University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dido","family":"Vassilacopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4984-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice G.","family":"Vassiliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Angelakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 11521, Greece"},{"name":"Aix Marseille University, IRD, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7992-3438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niki","family":"Vassilaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, June 01). 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