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HSPs protect cells and organs, especially the cardiovascular system, against harmful and cytotoxic conditions. More recent attention has focused on the roles of HSPs in the irreversible remodeling of atrial fibrillation (AF), which is the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice and a significant contributor to mortality. In this review, we investigated the relationship between HSPs and atrial remodeling mechanisms in AF. PubMed was searched for studies using the terms \u201cHeat Shock Proteins\u201d and \u201cAtrial Fibrillation\u201d and their relevant abbreviations up to 10 July 2022. The results showed that HSPs have cytoprotective roles in atrial cardiomyocytes during AF by promoting reverse electrical and structural remodeling. Heat shock response (HSR) exhaustion, followed by low levels of HSPs, causes proteostasis derailment in cardiomyocytes, which is the basis of AF. Furthermore, potential implications of HSPs in the management of AF are discussed in detail. HSPs represent reliable biomarkers for predicting and staging AF. HSP inducers may serve as novel therapeutic modalities in postoperative AF. HSP induction, either by geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) or by other compounds presently in development, may therefore be an interesting new approach for upstream therapy for AF, a strategy that aims to prevent AF whilst minimizing the ventricular proarrhythmic risks of traditional anti-arrhythmic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T02:23:06Z","timestamp":1672626186000},"page":"151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Atrial Fibrillation: From Molecular Mechanisms to Diagnostic and Therapeutic Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Daiqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuyao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5510-1253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China"},{"name":"Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Kent and Medway Medical School, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingmiao","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0482-0738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316340","article-title":"Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation in the 21st Century: Novel Methods and New Insights","volume":"127","author":"Kornej","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. 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