{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:43:59Z","timestamp":1760147039925,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Critically ill COVID-19 patients suffer from thromboembolic as well as bleeding events. Endothelial dysfunction, spiking of von Willebrand factor (vWF), and excessive cytokine signaling result in coagulopathy associated with substantial activation of plasmatic clotting factors. Thrombocytopenia secondary to extensive platelet activation is a frequent finding, but abnormal platelet dysfunction may also exist in patients with normal platelet counts. In this study, we performed analyses of platelet function and of von Willebrand factor in critically ill COVID-19 patients (n = 13). Platelet aggregometry was performed using ADP, collagen, epinephrin, and ristocetin. VWF and fibrinogen binding of platelets and CD62 and CD63 expression after thrombin stimulation were analyzed via flow cytometry. In addition, VWF antigen (VWF:Ag), collagen binding capacity (VWF:CB), and multimer analysis were performed next to routine coagulation parameters. All patients exhibited reduced platelet aggregation and decreased CD62 and CD63 expression. VWF binding of platelets was reduced in 12\/13 patients. VWF:CB\/VWF:Ag ratios were pathologically decreased in 2\/13 patients and elevated in 2\/13 patients. Critically ill COVID-19 patients exhibit platelet secretion defects independent of thrombocytopenia. Platelet exhaustion and VWF dysfunction may result in impaired primary hemostasis and should be considered when treating coagulopathy in these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T02:15:42Z","timestamp":1672798542000},"page":"193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pervasive Platelet Secretion Defects in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Johannes","family":"Kalbhenn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6882-2009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan-Steffen","family":"Pooth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Trummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kranzh\u00f6fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, University Medical Center of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Schlagenhauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Zieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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