{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:18:55Z","timestamp":1783441135112,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cResearch Cooperability\u201d Program of the Croatian Science Foundation","award":["2014\u20132020 PZS-2019-02-4710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\u20132020 PZS-2019-02-4710"]}]},{"name":"\u201cResearch Cooperability\u201d Program of the Croatian Science Foundation","award":["GA KK01.1.1.01.0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA KK01.1.1.01.0007"]}]},{"name":"\u201cResearch Cooperability\u201d Program of the Croatian Science Foundation","award":["DOK2020-01-5029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOK2020-01-5029"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical, and Translational Neuroscience","award":["2014\u20132020 PZS-2019-02-4710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\u20132020 PZS-2019-02-4710"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical, and Translational Neuroscience","award":["GA KK01.1.1.01.0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA KK01.1.1.01.0007"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Centre of Excellence for Basic, Clinical, and Translational Neuroscience","award":["DOK2020-01-5029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOK2020-01-5029"]}]},{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation","award":["2014\u20132020 PZS-2019-02-4710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\u20132020 PZS-2019-02-4710"]}]},{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation","award":["GA KK01.1.1.01.0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA KK01.1.1.01.0007"]}]},{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation","award":["DOK2020-01-5029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOK2020-01-5029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early regional patterning and laminar position of cortical projection neurons is determined by activation and deactivation of transcriptional factors (TFs) and RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that regulate spatiotemporal framework of neurogenetic processes (proliferation, migration, aggregation, postmigratory differentiation, molecular identity acquisition, axonal growth, dendritic development, and synaptogenesis) within transient cellular compartments. Deep-layer projection neurons (DPN), subplate (SPN), and Cajal\u2013Retzius neurons (CRN) are early-born cells involved in the establishment of basic laminar and regional cortical architecture; nonetheless, laminar dynamics of their molecular transcriptional markers remain underexplored. Here we aimed to analyze laminar dynamics of DPN markers, i.e., transcription factors TBR1, CTIP2, TLE4, SOX5, and RBP CELF1 on histological serial sections of the human frontal cortex between 7.5\u201315 postconceptional weeks (PCW) in reference to transient proliferative, migratory, and postmigratory compartments. The subtle signs of regional patterning were seen during the late preplate phase in the pattern of sublaminar organization of TBR1+\/Reelin+ CRN and TBR1+ pioneering SPN. During the cortical plate (CP)-formation phase, TBR1+ neurons became radially aligned, forming continuity from a well-developed subventricular zone to CP showing clear lateral to medial regional gradients. The most prominent regional patterning was seen during the subplate formation phase (around 13 PCW) when a unique feature of the orbitobasal frontal cortex displays a \u201cdouble plate\u201d pattern. In other portions of the frontal cortex (lateral, dorsal, medial) deep portion of CP becomes loose and composed of TBR1+, CTIP2+, TLE4+, and CELF1+ neurons of layer six and later-born SPN, which later become constituents of the expanded SP (around 15 PCW). Overall, TFs and RBPs mark characteristic regional laminar dynamics of DPN, SPN, and CRN subpopulations during remarkably early fetal phases of the highly ordered association cortex development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12020231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T05:29:48Z","timestamp":1672896588000},"page":"231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Early Regional Patterning in the Human Prefrontal Cortex Revealed by Laminar Dynamics of Deep Projection Neuron Markers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Janja","family":"Kopi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisa","family":"Junakovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iva","family":"Salamon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA"},{"name":"School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3063-6096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mladen-Roko","family":"Rasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivica","family":"Kostovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5238-6820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017deljka","family":"Krsnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"His, W. 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