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Some MHC-II alleles are known to be positively or negatively associated with the risk of the development of different autoimmune diseases (ADs), including those characterized by the emergence of autoreactive T cells. Apparently, the MHC-II presentation of self-antigens contributes to the autoimmune T cell response, initiated through a breakdown of central tolerance to self-antigens in the thymus. The appearance of autoreactive T cell might be the result of (i) the unusual interaction between T cell receptors (TCRs) and self-antigens presented on MHC-II; (ii) the posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of self-antigens; (iii) direct loading of the self-antigen to classical MHC-II without additional nonclassical MHC assistance; (iv) the proinflammatory environment effect on MHC-II expression and antigen presentation; and (v) molecular mimicry between foreign and self-antigens. The peculiarities of the processes involved in the MHC-II-mediated presentation may have crucial importance in the elucidation of the mechanisms of triggering and developing ADs as well as for clarification on the protective effect of MHC-II alleles that are negatively associated with ADs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12020314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T03:40:34Z","timestamp":1673840434000},"page":"314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["MHC Class II Presentation in Autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Irina A.","family":"Ishina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Y.","family":"Zakharova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inna N.","family":"Kurbatskaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azad E.","family":"Mamedov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Alexey A.","family":"Belogurov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander G.","family":"Gabibov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8787","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202001115R","article-title":"Genetic Gateways to COVID-19 Infection: Implications for Risk, Severity, and Outcomes","volume":"34","author":"Debnath","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e155011","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI155011","article-title":"Will GWAS Eventually Allow the Identification of Genomic Biomarkers for COVID-19 Severity and Mortality?","volume":"131","author":"Colona","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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