{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:48:23Z","timestamp":1790711303414,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"One Health Basic and Translational Research Actions addressing Unmet Needs on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"One Health Basic and Translational Research Actions addressing Unmet Needs on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["GA 860325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA 860325"]}]},{"name":"One Health Basic and Translational Research Actions addressing Unmet Needs on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["GA 897911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA 897911"]}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU","award":["GA 860325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA 860325"]}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU","award":["GA 897911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA 897911"]}]},{"name":"BactiVax\u2014Anti-Bacterial Innovative Vaccines, Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"BactiVax\u2014Anti-Bacterial Innovative Vaccines, Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","award":["GA 860325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA 860325"]}]},{"name":"BactiVax\u2014Anti-Bacterial Innovative Vaccines, Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","award":["GA 897911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA 897911"]}]},{"name":"H2020-MSCA-IF-2019 HADES","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"H2020-MSCA-IF-2019 HADES","award":["GA 860325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA 860325"]}]},{"name":"H2020-MSCA-IF-2019 HADES","award":["GA 897911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA 897911"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is still the leading global cause of death from an infectious bacterial agent. Limiting tuberculosis epidemic spread is therefore an urgent global public health priority. As stated by the WHO, to stop the spread of the disease we need a new vaccine, with better coverage than the current Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine. This vaccine was first used in 1921 and, since then, there are still no new licensed tuberculosis vaccines. However, there is extremely active research in the field, with a steep acceleration in the past decades, due to the advance of technologies and more rational vaccine design strategies. This review aims to gather latest updates in vaccine development in the various clinical phases and to underline the contribution of Structural Vaccinology (SV) to the development of safer and effective antigens. In particular, SV and the development of vaccine adjuvants is making the use of subunit vaccines, which are the safest albeit the less antigenic ones, an achievable goal. Indeed, subunit vaccines overcome safety concerns but need to be rationally re-engineered to enhance their immunostimulating effects. The larger availability of antigen structural information as well as a better understanding of the complex host immune response to TB infection is a strong premise for a further acceleration of TB vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12020317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T03:40:34Z","timestamp":1673840434000},"page":"317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A Structural View at Vaccine Development against M. tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8901-3630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Romano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Squeglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliza","family":"Kramarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Barra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han-Gyu","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, and Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1127-0909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hwa-Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, and Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3508-385X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Ruggiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5025-6483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Berisio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, IBB, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). 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