{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T04:21:49Z","timestamp":1784607709343,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":227,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000938","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY10101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY10101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000938","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000938","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY01792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY01792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000938","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000938","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY027912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY027912"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000938","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000938","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01 BX002386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX002386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000938","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000938","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01 BX004234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX004234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000938","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Eversight","award":["EY10101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY10101"]}]},{"name":"Eversight","award":["EY01792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY01792"]}]},{"name":"Eversight","award":["EY027912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY027912"]}]},{"name":"Eversight","award":["I01 BX002386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX002386"]}]},{"name":"Eversight","award":["I01 BX004234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX004234"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","award":["EY10101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY10101"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","award":["EY01792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY01792"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","award":["EY027912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY027912"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","award":["I01 BX002386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX002386"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","award":["I01 BX004234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX004234"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Corneal lymphangiogenesis is one component of the neovascularization observed in several inflammatory pathologies of the cornea including dry eye disease and corneal graft rejection. Following injury, corneal (lymph)angiogenic privilege is impaired, allowing ingrowth of blood and lymphatic vessels into the previously avascular cornea. While the mechanisms underlying pathological corneal hemangiogenesis have been well described, knowledge of the lymphangiogenesis guidance mechanisms in the cornea is relatively scarce. Various signaling pathways are involved in lymphangiogenesis guidance in general, each influencing one or multiple stages of lymphatic vessel development. Most endogenous factors that guide corneal lymphatic vessel growth or regression act via the vascular endothelial growth factor C signaling pathway, a central regulator of lymphangiogenesis. Several exogenous factors have recently been repurposed and shown to regulate corneal lymphangiogenesis, uncovering unique signaling pathways not previously known to influence lymphatic vessel guidance. A strong understanding of the relevant lymphangiogenesis guidance mechanisms can facilitate the development of targeted anti-lymphangiogenic therapeutics for corneal pathologies. In this review, we examine the current knowledge of lymphatic guidance cues, their regulation of inflammatory states in the cornea, and recently discovered anti-lymphangiogenic therapeutic modalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12020319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T03:40:34Z","timestamp":1673840434000},"page":"319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Lymphangiogenesis Guidance Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications in Pathological States of the Cornea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4786-4829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehul","family":"Patnam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2748-248X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil R.","family":"Dommaraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9821-4602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Masood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Herbst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7993-1144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Hong","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7811-2078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Yang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark I.","family":"Rosenblatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri T.","family":"Azar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.12.037","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the cornea","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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