{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T21:41:38Z","timestamp":1788298898555,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center\u2013Environmental Laboratory (ERDC-EL)","award":["W912HZ-22-C0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W912HZ-22-C0014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantum dots are nanoparticles (2\u201310 nm) that emit strong and tunable fluorescence. Quantum dots have been heavily used in high-demand commercialized products, research, and for medical purposes. Emerging concerns have demonstrated the negative impact of quantum dots on living cells; however, the intracellular trafficking of QDs in yeast cells and the effect of this interaction remains unclear. The primary goal of our research is to investigate the trafficking path of red cadmium selenide zinc sulfide quantum dots (CdSe\/ZnS QDs) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the impact QDs have on yeast cellular dynamics. Using cells with GFP-tagged reference organelle markers and confocal microscopy, we were able to track the internalization of QDs. We found that QDs initially aggregate at the exterior of yeast cells, enter the cell using clathrin-receptor-mediated endocytosis, and distribute at the late Golgi\/trans-Golgi network. We also found that the treatment of red CdSe\/ZnS QDs resulted in growth rate reduction and loss of polarized growth in yeast cells. Our RNA sequence analysis revealed many altered genes. Particularly, we found an upregulation of DID2, which has previously been associated with cell cycle arrest when overexpressed, and a downregulation of APS2, a gene that codes for a subunit of AP2 protein important for the recruitment of proteins to clathrin-mediated endocytosis vesicle. Furthermore, CdSe\/ZnS QDs treatment resulted in a slightly delayed endocytosis and altered the actin dynamics in yeast cells. We found that QDs caused an increased level of F-actin and a significant reduction in profilin protein expression. In addition, there was a significant elevation in the amount of coronin protein expressed, while the level of cofilin was unchanged. Altogether, this suggests that QDs favor the assembly of actin filaments. Overall, this study provides a novel toxicity mechanism of red CdSe\/ZnS QDs on yeast actin dynamics and cellular processes, including endocytosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12030484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T03:24:49Z","timestamp":1675308289000},"page":"484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Red CdSe\/ZnS QDs\u2019 Intracellular Trafficking and Its Impact on Yeast Polarization and Actin Filament"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nhi","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Routh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qihua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jordan Valley Innovation Center, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishi","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jordan Valley Innovation Center, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Keyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jordan Valley Innovation Center, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0896-9572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoungtae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11629","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201301117","article-title":"Continuous-flow synthesis of CdSe quantum dots: A size-tunable and scalable approach","volume":"19","author":"Baghbanzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem.-A Eur. 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