{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:11:59Z","timestamp":1777878719648,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Head and neck cancers are malignant growths with high death rates, which makes the early diagnosis of the affected patients of utmost importance. Over 90% of oral cavity cancers come from squamous cells, and the tongue, oral cavity, and salivary glands are the most common locations for oral squamous cell carcinoma lesions. Human \u03b2-defensins (hBDs), which are mainly produced by epithelial cells, are cationic peptides with a wide antimicrobial spectrum. In addition to their role in antimicrobial defense, these peptides also take part in the regulation of the immune response. Recent studies produced evidence that these small antimicrobial peptides are related to the gene and protein expression profiles of tumors. While the suppression of hBDs is a common finding in head and neck cancer studies, opposite findings were also presented. In the present narrative review, the aim will be to discuss the changes in the hBD expression profile during the onset and progression of head and neck cancers. The final aim will be to discuss the use of hBDs as diagnostic markers of head and neck cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T03:29:05Z","timestamp":1678246145000},"page":"830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Human \u03b2-Defensins in Diagnosis of Head and Neck Cancers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jenna","family":"Kompuinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1045-3930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mutlu","family":"Keskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Dental Health Department, Alt\u0131nba\u015f University, \u0130stanbul 34147, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2576-0885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dogukan","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54050, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8545-6821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mervi","family":"G\u00fcrsoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Welfare Division, Oral Health Care, 20101 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1225-5751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulvi Kahraman","family":"G\u00fcrsoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1715715","article-title":"Head and neck cancer","volume":"382","author":"Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2020.0031","article-title":"Head and Neck Cancers, Version 2.2020, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology","volume":"18","author":"Pfister","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2018.01.008","article-title":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Genomics and emerging biomarkers for immunomodulatory cancer treatments","volume":"52","author":"Solomon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.03.009","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Functions and regulatory mechanisms","volume":"507","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1611","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00098.2022","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: Subtypes and morphological features affecting prognosis","volume":"323","author":"Matsuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00224-3","article-title":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30956-0","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"394","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22254-3_2","article-title":"Current perspectives on nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"1164","author":"Kazuhida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2227","article-title":"Biomarkers and common oral cancers: Clinical trial studies","volume":"26","author":"Emran","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBUON"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2009.10.004","article-title":"Major and minor salivary gland tumors","volume":"74","author":"Guzzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol.\/Hematol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-017-0795-0","article-title":"Update from the 4th edition of the World Health Organization classification of head and neck tumours: Tumors of the salivary gland","volume":"11","author":"Seethala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(78)90262-3","article-title":"Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary gland origin: A clinicopathologic study of 367 cases","volume":"136","author":"Spiro","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2021.05.011","article-title":"Salivary gland cancers","volume":"35","author":"Tchekmedyian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hematol.\/Oncol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2021.103352","article-title":"Impact of tumor site on the prognosis of salivary gland neoplasms: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"162","author":"Speight","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21708","article-title":"Cancer statistics","volume":"72","author":"Siegel","year":"2022","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173657","article-title":"Therapeutic applications of herbal\/synthetic\/bio-drug in oral cancer: An update","volume":"890","author":"Mosaddad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"5113","article-title":"Sonodynamic therapy and common head and neck cancers: In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"25","author":"Hajmohammadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01550-6","article-title":"Head and neck cancer","volume":"398","author":"Mody","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6415","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2013.14.11.6415","article-title":"Expression of EGFR and p53 in head and neck tumors among Sudanese patients","volume":"14","author":"Abusail","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maasland, D.H., van den Brandt, P.A., Kremer, B., Goldbohm, R.A., and Schouten, L.J. (2014). Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and the risk of subtypes of head-neck cancer: Results from the Netherlands Cohort Study. BMC Cancer, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-187"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr483","article-title":"Preventable exposures associated with human cancers","volume":"103","author":"Cogliano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-017-9689-6","article-title":"Tobacco-related carcinogenesis in head and neck cancer","volume":"36","author":"Jethwa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0662-5","article-title":"The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer consensus statement on immunotherapy for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC)","volume":"7","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60728-X","article-title":"Head and neck cancer","volume":"371","author":"Argiris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S115761","article-title":"Head and neck cancer: Improving outcomes with a multidisciplinary approach","volume":"9","author":"Denaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2018.05.002","article-title":"Role of salivary biomarkers in oral cancer detection","volume":"86","author":"Khurshid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200101000-00034","article-title":"Is it time to develop an \u2018Ultrastaging system\u2019 for use in patients with head and neck malignancies?","volume":"111","author":"Ferlito","year":"2001","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez, F., M\u00e4kitie, A., de Bree, R., Franchi, A., de Graaf, P., Hern\u00e1ndez-Prera, J.C., Strojan, P., Zidar, N., Strojan Fle\u017ear, M., and Rodrigo, J.P. (2021). Qualitative and quantitative diagnosis in head and neck cancer. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11091526"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumarasamy, C., Madhav, M.R., Sabarimurugan, S., Krishnan, S., Baxi, S., Gupta, A., Gothandam, K.M., and Jayaraj, R. (2019). Prognostic value of miRNAs in head and neck cancers: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080772"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.07.013","article-title":"Comparison of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography for the diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity","volume":"50","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.126.12.1457","article-title":"Diagnosis and staging of head and neck cancer","volume":"126","author":"Nowak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06324-w","article-title":"Accuracy of the preoperative diagnostic workup in patients with head and neck cancers undergoing neck dissection in terms of nodal metastases","volume":"278","author":"Prekopp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-011-1893-y","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of post-treatment FDG PET or FDG PET\/CT imaging in head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27892","article-title":"Impact of positron emission tomography\/computed tomography surveillance at 12 and 24 months for detecting head and neck cancer recurrence","volume":"119","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.07.011","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, larynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx: EHNS\u2013ESMO\u2013ESTRO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"31","author":"Machiels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2012.01.010","article-title":"Cancer biomarkers","volume":"6","author":"Henry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102655","article-title":"Six-gene signature for predicting survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00827","article-title":"Diagnostic tumor markers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in the clinical Setting","volume":"9","author":"Economopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117483","article-title":"The current markers of cancer stem cell in oral cancers","volume":"15","author":"Tahmasebi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedregal-Mallo, D., Hermida-Prado, F., Granda-D\u00edaz, R., Montoro-Jim\u00e9nez, I., Allonca, E., Pozo-Agundo, E., \u00c1lvarez-Fern\u00e1ndez, M., \u00c1lvarez-Marcos, C., Garc\u00eda-Pedrero, J.M., and Rodrigo, J.P. (2020). Prognostic significance of the pluripotency factors NANOG, SOX2, and OCT4 in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12071794"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/PPO.0000000000000622","article-title":"HER2 and HER3 as therapeutic targets in head and neck cancer","volume":"28","author":"Schokrpur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.4065\/83.4.489","article-title":"Head and neck cancer: Changing epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"83","author":"Marur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868695","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.868695","article-title":"The evasion mechanisms of cancer immunity and drug intervention in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74362","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11413","article-title":"Prognostic and predictive value of EGFR in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Bossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2018.02.014","article-title":"Overexpression of PIK3CA in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is associated with poor outcome and activation of the YAP pathway","volume":"79","author":"Segrelles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-2173","article-title":"PIK3CA mutations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Qiu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/cjp2.157","article-title":"Frequent KRAS and HRAS mutations in squamous cell papillomas of the head and neck","volume":"6","author":"Sasaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"6147","article-title":"The role of protein p16INK4a in non-oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in Southern China","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soncn.2019.08.002","article-title":"Cancer and the immune system: The history and background of immunotherapy","volume":"35","author":"Abbott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2015.03.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of head and neck cancer","volume":"24","author":"Rettig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zagozdzon, R., Winiarska, M., and Firczuk, M. (2022). Immune evasion as the main challenge for immunotherapy of cancer. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14153622"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2019.11.008","article-title":"Immune response against head and neck cancer: Biological mechanisms and implication on therapy","volume":"13","author":"Perri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12393","article-title":"The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease","volume":"87","author":"Sedghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015eenel, S. (2021). An overview of physical, microbiological and immune barriers of oral mucosa. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157821"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666180403114615","article-title":"Human oral defensins antimicrobial peptides: A future promising antimicrobial drug","volume":"24","author":"Khurshid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203717666160813162629","article-title":"Functions of antimicrobial peptides in vertebrates","volume":"18","author":"Avila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Protein. Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.29","article-title":"The immunology of host defence peptides: Beyond antimicrobial activity","volume":"16","author":"Hancock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12028","article-title":"Defensins and LL-37: A review of function in the gingival epithelium","volume":"63","author":"Greer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13084","article-title":"The guardians of the periodontium-sequential and differential expression of antimicrobial peptides during gingival inflammation. Results from in vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"46","author":"Dommisch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0765.2001.360503.x","article-title":"Localized antimicrobial peptide expression in human gingiva","volume":"36","author":"Dale","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.2740-2745.1999","article-title":"Production of beta-defensin antimicrobial peptides by the oral mucosa and salivary glands","volume":"67","author":"Mathews","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2020.1715471","article-title":"Salivary human beta-defensins and cathelicidin levels in relation to periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"78","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13597","article-title":"Comparison of gingival crevicular fluid and serum human beta-defensin-2 levels between periodontal health and disease","volume":"27","author":"Avci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2002.01430.x","article-title":"Expression of beta-defensin 1 and 2 mRNA by human monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells","volume":"106","author":"Duits","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01651.x","article-title":"Human beta-defensin-2 production in keratinocytes is regulated by interleukin-1, bacteria, and the state of differentiation","volume":"118","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.042692699","article-title":"Discovery of five conserved beta -defensin gene clusters using a computational search strategy","volume":"99","author":"Schutte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12093","article-title":"Diverse functions of defensins and other antimicrobial peptides in periodontal tissues","volume":"69","author":"Dommisch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12676","article-title":"Cationic antimicrobial peptides and periodontal physiopathology: A systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Jourdain","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15127","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v4i0.15127","article-title":"Understanding the roles of gingival beta-defensins","volume":"4","author":"Gursoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080645","article-title":"Gingival transcriptome patterns during induction and resolution of experimental gingivitis in humans","volume":"80","author":"Offenbacher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2011.01799.x","article-title":"Beta-defensins: What are they really doing in the oral cavity?","volume":"17","author":"Diamond","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1180","article-title":"Defensins: Antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity","volume":"3","author":"Ganz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5707","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008557200","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of human beta -defensin-3, a novel human inducible peptide antibiotic","volume":"276","author":"Harder","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1024-1029.2004","article-title":"Human beta-defensins 2 and 3 demonstrate strain-selective activity against oral microorganisms","volume":"42","author":"Joly","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki103","article-title":"Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, {beta}-defensins and LL37, proruced by human epithelial cells","volume":"55","author":"Ouhara","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrobial. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"99","article-title":"Salivary antimicrobial peptides in early detection of periodontitis","volume":"5","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00590.x","article-title":"Regulation of mammalian defensin expression by Toll-like receptor-dependent and independent signalling pathways","volume":"7","author":"Froy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10059-010-0048-5","article-title":"Treponema denticola suppresses expression of human beta-defensin-2 in gingival epithelial cells through inhibition of TNF-alpha production and TLR2 activation","volume":"29","author":"Shin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13227","article-title":"Gingival tissue human beta-defensin levels in relation to infection and inflammation","volume":"47","author":"Caglayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737292","article-title":"Beta-Defensins chemoattract macrophages and mast cells but not lymphocytes and dendritic cells: CCR6 is not involved","volume":"37","author":"Soruri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5439.525","article-title":"Beta-defensins: Linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6","volume":"286","author":"Yang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18631","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702130104","article-title":"Human -defensin-3 activates professional antigen-presenting cells via Toll-like receptors 1 and 2","volume":"104","author":"Funderburg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100150","article-title":"Antimicrobial aspects of inflammatory resolution in the mucosa: A role for proresolving mediators","volume":"187","author":"Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700599","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides human beta-defensins stimulate epidermal keratinocyte migration, proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines","volume":"127","author":"Niyonsaba","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12581","article-title":"Salivary antimicrobial defensins in pregnancy","volume":"43","author":"Liukkonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2008.12.015","article-title":"Gene expression of human beta-defensins in healthy and inflamed human dental pulps","volume":"35","author":"Paris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00341","article-title":"Human beta defensins and cancer: Contradictions and common ground","volume":"9","author":"Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04457-2","article-title":"Salivary levels of hBDs in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and gingivitis","volume":"26","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Invest."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2015.06.013","article-title":"Overexpressions of hBD-2, hBD-3, and hCAP18\/LL-37 in Gingiva of Diabetics with Periodontitis","volume":"220","author":"Gursoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.09.022","article-title":"Effect of proinflammatory cytokines on the expression and regulation of human beta-defensin 2 in human dental pulp cells","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-015-0050-7","article-title":"A study on \u03b2-defensin-2 and histatin-5 as a diagnostic marker of early childhood caries progression","volume":"48","author":"Jurczak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gursoy, U.K., Gursoy, M., Liukkonen, A., Suominen, A.L., and K\u00f6n\u00f6nen, E. (2023). Salivary human \u03b2-defensin 1-3 and human \u03b1-defensin-1 levels in relation to the extent of periodontal disease and tooth loss in the elderly. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12030976"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(99)00171-8","article-title":"Pattern of expression of beta-defensins in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"143","author":"Abiko","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11333","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2416","article-title":"Overexpression of human \u03b2-defensin 2 promotes growth and invasion during esophageal carcinogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2011.02.053","article-title":"Human beta-defensin-3 (hBD-3) upregulated by LPS via epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathways to enhance lymphatic invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"112","author":"Shuyi","year":"2011","journal-title":"OralSurg. OralMed. OralPathol. OralRadiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgq236","article-title":"Human \u03b2-defensin 3 pro-motes NF-\u03baB-mediated CCR7 expression and anti-apoptotic signals in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck","volume":"32","author":"Mburu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2014.12.005","article-title":"Defensins: \"Simple\" antimicrobial peptides or broad-spectrum molecules?","volume":"26","author":"Hubert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, G., Kawsar, H.I., Hirsch, S.A., Zeng, C., Jia, X., Feng, Z., Ghosh, S.K., Zheng, Q.Y., Zhou, A., and McIntyre, T.M. (2010). An antimicrobial peptide regulates tu-mor-associated macrophage trafficking via the chemokine receptor CCR2, a model for tumorigenesis. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010993"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Q., Wang, R., Sun, C., Jin, X., Liu, D., Zhao, X., Wang, L., Ji, N., Li, J., and Zhou, Y. (2014). Human beta-defensin-1 suppresses tumor migration and invasion and is an independent predictor for survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091867"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"1677","article-title":"NOD1, RIP2 and Caspase12 are potentially novel biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma development and progression","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/07357900802620851","article-title":"Expression profile of human beta-defensin 3 in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Kesting","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Investig."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2008.02.003","article-title":"Decreased gene expression of human \u03b2-defensin-1 in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity","volume":"37","author":"Wenghoefer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"432","article-title":"Expression of human b-defensin-3 in oral squamous cell carcinoma using tissue microarray\u2014A preliminary study","volume":"35","author":"Hussaini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. OralPathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"526","article-title":"Down regulation and nuclear localization of human beta-defensin-1 in pleomorphic adenomas of salivary glands","volume":"45","author":"Pantelis","year":"2009","journal-title":"OralOncol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2165\/11597570-000000000-00000","article-title":"Human \u03b2-defensins and psoriasin\/S100A7 expression in salivary glands: Anti-oncogenic molecules for potential therapeutic approaches","volume":"26","author":"Kesting","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"815","article-title":"The pathogenesis of chronic inflammation and malignant transformation in the human upper airways: The role of beta-defensins, eNOS, cell proliferation and apoptosis","volume":"24","author":"Pacova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-3-75","article-title":"High level expression of human epithelial beta-defensins (hBD-1, 2 and 3) in papillomavirus induced lesions","volume":"3","author":"Chong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virol J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenghoefer, M., Pantelis, A., Dommisch, H., G\u00f6tz, W., Reich, R., Berg\u00e9, S., Martini, M., Allam, J.P., Jepsen, S., and Merkelbach-Bruse, S. (2008). Nuclear hBD-1 accumulation in malignant salivary gland tumours. BMC Cancer, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-8-290"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2022.00150","article-title":"The expression of defensin-associated genes may be correlated with lymph node metastasis of early-stage tongue cancer","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13789","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-016-5281-x","article-title":"Oral pathogens change proliferation properties of oral tumor cells by affecting gene expression of human defensins","volume":"37","author":"Hoppe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumour. Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2021.06.006","article-title":"Biomarkers and periodontal regenerative approaches","volume":"66","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00294","article-title":"The yin and yang of human beta-defensins in health and disease","volume":"3","author":"Weinberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/12\/6\/830\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:50:17Z","timestamp":1760122217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/12\/6\/830"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["cells12060830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12060830","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]}}}