{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:06:32Z","timestamp":1790013992685,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are aggressive tumors arising along the biliary tract epithelium, whose incidence and mortality are increasing. CCAs are highly desmoplastic cancers characterized by a dense tumor microenvironment (TME), in which each single component plays a fundamental role in shaping CCA initiation, progression and resistance to therapies. The crosstalk between cancer cells and TME can affect the recruitment, infiltration and differentiation of immune cells. According to the stage of the disease and to intra- and inter-patient heterogeneity, TME may contribute to either protumoral or antitumoral activities. Therefore, a better understanding of the effect of each immune cell subtype may open the path to new personalized immune therapeutic strategies for the management of CCA. In this review, we describe the role of immune cells in CCA initiation and progression, and their crosstalk with both cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and the cancer-stem-cell-like (CSC) niche.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T03:03:23Z","timestamp":1678331003000},"page":"846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Heterogeneity of Cholangiocarcinoma Immune Biology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Vita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5634-8909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Olaizola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute\u2013Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 20014 San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4432-6670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Rae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9747-0388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergi","family":"Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus M.","family":"Banales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute\u2013Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 20014 San Sebastian, Spain"},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain"},{"name":"National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, \u201cInstituto de Salud Carlos III\u201d), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4835-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Braconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"},{"name":"Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v4.i5.94","article-title":"Multiple cells of origin in cholangiocarcinoma underlie biological, epidemiological and clinical heterogeneity","volume":"4","author":"Cardinale","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. 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