{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:37:46Z","timestamp":1787027866983,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction. Serum lipoproteins, with the exception of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), are increased in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and their levels may reflect the associated obesity and insulin resistance, but the nature of this association is not fully explained. Therefore, proteomic analysis of key proteins in lipoprotein metabolism was performed. Methods. In this cohort study, plasma was collected from 234 women (137 with PCOS and 97 controls without PCOS). Somalogic proteomic analysis was undertaken for the following 19 proteins involved in lipoprotein, and particularly HDL, metabolism: alpha-1-antichymotrypsin; alpha-1-antitrypsin; apolipoproteins A-1, B, D, E, E2, E3, E4, L1, and M; clusterin; complement C3; hemopexin; heparin cofactor II; kininogen-1; serum amyloid A-1; amyloid beta A-4; and paraoxonase-1. Results. The levels of apolipoprotein E were higher in PCOS (p = 0.012). However, the other isoforms of ApoE, ApoE2, E3, and E4, did not differ when compared with controls. ApoM was lower in PCOS (p = 0.000002). Complement C3 was higher in PCOS (p = 0.037), as was heparin cofactor II (HCFII) (p = 0.0004). The levels of the other proteins associated with lipoprotein metabolism did not differ between PCOS and controls. Conclusions. These data contribute to the concern of the deleterious dyslipidemia found in PCOS, with the novel combination reported here of higher levels of ApoE, C3 and HCFII together with lower ApoM. The dysregulation of these proteins could circumvent the protective effect of HDL-C and contribute to a more atherogenic profile that may increase cardiovascular risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T03:02:08Z","timestamp":1678417328000},"page":"855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["HDL-Associated Proteins in Subjects with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Proteomic Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5762-3917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra E.","family":"Butler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Adliya 15503, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abu Saleh Md","family":"Moin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Adliya 15503, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u017deljko","family":"Reiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Ki\u0161pati\u0107eva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-2231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thozhukat","family":"Sathyapalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, Hull HU6 7RX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tannaz","family":"Jamialahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8656-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Sahebkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778, Iran"},{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778, Iran"},{"name":"School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5887-7257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Atkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Adliya 15503, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002698","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Azziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0755","article-title":"Recent advances in cardiovascular aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"166","author":"Sathyapalan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol. Eur. Fed. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402783","DOI":"10.6064\/2012\/402783","article-title":"Complement activation: An emerging player in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease","volume":"2012","author":"Carter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11901-019-00495-9","article-title":"NAFLD in Women: Unique Pathways, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"18","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Hepatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.2039","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in women of reproductive age","volume":"6","author":"Maldonado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790454","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.790454","article-title":"Prevalence, Pattern and Predictors for Dyslipidemia of Chinese Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2013.56.3.137","article-title":"Dyslipidemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E841","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3918","article-title":"Decreased cholesterol efflux capacity and atherogenic lipid profile in young women with PCOS","volume":"99","author":"Roe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2017.1316256","article-title":"Are women with polycystic ovary syndrome at increased cardiovascular disease risk later in life?","volume":"20","author":"Gunning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(97)00207-6","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s amyloid beta interaction with normal human plasma high density lipoprotein: Association with apolipoprotein and lipids","volume":"270","author":"Koudinov","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2022.101038","article-title":"Review of the effects of polycystic ovary syndrome on Cognition: Looking beyond the androgen hypothesis","volume":"67","author":"Wugalter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu137","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein as a modulator of platelet and coagulation responses","volume":"103","author":"Korporaal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.2174\/187152509789105444","article-title":"Human plasma kallikrein-kinin system: Physiological and biochemical parameters","volume":"7","author":"Bryant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(96)05852-2","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a predictor of coronary heart disease risk. The PROCAM experience and pathophysiological implications for reverse cholesterol transport","volume":"124","author":"Assmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198911093211907","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein--the clinical implications of recent studies","volume":"321","author":"Gordon","year":"1989","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.85.6.2025","article-title":"Familial lipoprotein disorders in patients with premature coronary artery disease","volume":"85","author":"Genest","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1614155","article-title":"Short-term prognostic value of lipid measurements in patients with angina pectoris","volume":"84","author":"Bolibar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.13.1813","article-title":"High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: Potential adjunct for global risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"103","author":"Ridker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(01)02148-8","article-title":"Targeting low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol for therapy: Lessons from the Veterans Affairs High-density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial","volume":"88","author":"Robins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06305.x","article-title":"Receptors and lipid transfer proteins in HDL metabolism","volume":"902","author":"Silver","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000094961.74697.54","article-title":"Endothelial protection by high-density lipoproteins: From bench to bedside","volume":"23","author":"Calabresi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13517","article-title":"Anti-Mullerian hormone measurement for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Sathyapalan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00013","article-title":"Association of Vitamin D Metabolites With Embryo Development and Fertilization in Women With and Without PCOS Undergoing Subfertility Treatment","volume":"10","author":"Cunningham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61531-z","article-title":"Effect of induced hypoglycemia on inflammation and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes and control subjects","volume":"10","author":"Kahal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraemer, S., Vaught, J.D., Bock, C., Gold, L., Katilius, E., Keeney, T.R., Kim, N., Saccomano, N.A., Wilcox, S.K., and Zichi, D. (2011). From SOMAmer-based biomarker discovery to diagnostic and clinical applications: A SOMAmer-based, streamlined multiplex proteomic assay. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026332"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gold, L., Ayers, D., Bertino, J., Bock, C., Bock, A., Brody, E.N., Carter, J., Dalby, A.B., Eaton, B.E., and Fitzwater, T. (2010). Aptamer-based multiplexed proteomic technology for biomarker discovery. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015004"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14357","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14357","article-title":"Connecting genetic risk to disease end points through the human blood plasma proteome","volume":"8","author":"Suhre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14322","article-title":"Complement activation in polycystic ovary syndrome occurs in the postprandial and fasted state and is influenced by obesity and insulin sensitivity","volume":"94","author":"Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892125","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.892125","article-title":"The Lipid Profiles in Different Characteristics of Women with PCOS and the Interaction Between Dyslipidemia and Metabolic Disorder States: A Retrospective Study in Chinese Population","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des191","article-title":"Apolipoprotein AI and B levels, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome in south-west Chinese women with PCOS","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.04.016","article-title":"Effects of apolipoprotein E genotypes on metabolic profile and oxidative stress in south-west Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"170","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-008-9280-8","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and polycystic ovary syndrome patients in Western Anatolia, Turkey","volume":"26","author":"Cetinkalp","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)01691-0","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E alleles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"75","author":"Heinonen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"545","article-title":"Apolipoproteins and Alzheimer\u2019s pathophysiology","volume":"10","author":"Koch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. Diagn. Assess. Dis. Monit."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01058-9","article-title":"Plasma apolipoprotein E levels in longitudinally followed patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Giannisis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630502","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.630502","article-title":"APOE and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: From Lipid Transport to Physiopathology and Therapeutics","volume":"15","author":"Husain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01203-x","article-title":"Investigation of common risk factors between polycystic ovary syndrome and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A narrative review","volume":"18","author":"Sarahian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvaa061","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaa061","article-title":"ApoB48-lipoproteins are associated with cardiometabolic risk in adolescents with and without polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Vine","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1409","article-title":"Proteomics analysis of potential serum biomarkers for insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2016-001","article-title":"Correlation analysis between ApoM gene-promoter polymorphisms and coronary heart disease","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. J. Afr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9613","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1103187108","article-title":"Endothelium-protective sphingosine-1-phosphate provided by HDL-associated apolipoprotein M","volume":"108","author":"Christoffersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of hyperlipidaemia on plasma apolipoprotein M levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An independent case\u2013control study","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lip. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3046","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa433","article-title":"Apolipoprotein M and risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"105","author":"Hajny","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.308435","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein\u2013associated apolipoprotein M limits endothelial inflammation by delivering sphingosine-1-phosphate to the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1","volume":"37","author":"Ruiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0811","article-title":"Protection against insulin resistance by apolipoprotein M\/sphingosine-1-phosphate","volume":"69","author":"Kurano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0762-4","article-title":"Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease","volume":"17","author":"Ormazabal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935750","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.935750","article-title":"Classical and alternate complement factor overexpression in non-obese weight matched women with polycystic ovary syndrome does not correlate with vitamin D","volume":"13","author":"Moin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2014.895985","article-title":"Complement protein C3 and coronary artery calcium in middle-aged women with polycystic ovary syndrome and controls","volume":"30","author":"Snyder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314609","article-title":"Protein-Defined Subspecies of HDLs (High-Density Lipoproteins) and Differential Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in 4 Prospective Studies","volume":"40","author":"Sacks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311607","article-title":"Distinct Proteomic Signatures in 16 HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Subspecies","volume":"38","author":"Furtado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.02.027","article-title":"The role of complement factor C3 in lipid metabolism","volume":"67","author":"Barbu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2021.01.011","article-title":"C3 and alternative pathway components are associated with an adverse lipoprotein subclass profile: The CODAM study","volume":"15","author":"Xin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000209577.04246.c0","article-title":"Decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle size, prebeta-, and large HDL subspecies concentration in Finnish low-HDL families: Relationship with intima-media thickness","volume":"26","author":"Watanabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.31","article-title":"Hypertriglyceridaemia and risk of coronary artery disease","volume":"14","author":"Reiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.01.136","article-title":"Serum complement C3 has a stronger association with insulin resistance than high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khichar, A., Gupta, S., Mishra, S., and Meena, M. (2021). Assessment of Inflammatory Markers in Women with PCOS and their Correlation with Insulin Resistance. Clin. Lab., 67.","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2021.210310"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000109695.39671.37","article-title":"High plasma heparin cofactor II activity is associated with reduced incidence of in-stent restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"109","author":"Takamori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4261","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-04-086611","article-title":"Accelerated atherogenesis and neointima formation in heparin cofactor II deficient mice","volume":"110","author":"Vicente","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000129968.46095.F3","article-title":"Heparin cofactor II is a novel protective factor against carotid atherosclerosis in elderly individuals","volume":"109","author":"Aihara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.01.042","article-title":"Alpha-2-macroglobulin and heparin cofactor II and the vulnerability of carotid atherosclerotic plaques: An iTRAQ-based analysis","volume":"483","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms059","article-title":"Circulating markers of oxidative stress and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Murri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S345853","article-title":"Clinical and Biochemical Potential of Antioxidants in Treating Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5320","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84586-y","article-title":"Metabolic consequences of obesity on the hypercoagulable state of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Moin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/12\/6\/855\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:51:20Z","timestamp":1760122280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/12\/6\/855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["cells12060855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12060855","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]}}}