{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:07:46Z","timestamp":1790348866423,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u2018Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria\u2019","award":["DGR1017, 17 July 2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGR1017, 17 July 2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tracheal reconstruction represents a challenge when primary anastomosis is not feasible. Within this scenario, the study aim was to develop a new pig-derived decellularized trachea (DecellT) to be compared with the cryopreserved counterpart (CryoT) for a close predictive analysis. Tracheal segments underwent decellularization by a physical + enzymatic + chemical method (12 cycles); in parallel, cryopreserved samples were also prepared. Once decellularized (histology\/DNA quantification), the two groups were characterized for Alpha-Gal epitopes\/structural proteins (immunohistochemistry\/histology\/biochemical assays\/second harmonic generation microscopy)\/ultrastructure (Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM))\/mechanical behaviour. Cytotoxicity absence was assessed in vitro (extract-test assay\/direct seeding, HM1SV40 cell line) while biocompatibility was verified in BALB\/c mice, followed by histological\/immunohistochemical analyses and SEM (14 days). Decellularization effectively removed Alpha-Gal epitopes; cartilage histoarchitecture was retained in both groups, showing chondrocytes only in the CryoT. Cryopreservation maintained few respiratory epithelium sparse cilia, not detectable in DecellT. Focusing on ECM, preserved structural\/ultrastructural organization and collagen content were observed in the cartilage of both; conversely, the GAGs were significantly reduced in DecellT, as confirmed by mechanical study results. No cytotoxicity was highlighted by CryoT\/DecellT in vitro, as they were also corroborated by a biocompatibility assay. Despite some limitations (cells presence\/GAGs reduction), CryoT\/DecellT are both appealing options, which warrant further investigation in comparative in vivo studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T03:29:16Z","timestamp":1678764556000},"page":"888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Development and In Vitro\/In Vivo Comparative Characterization of Cryopreserved and Decellularized Tracheal Grafts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Stocco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling-TES, Onlus, 35136 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2435-0753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Barbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling-TES, Onlus, 35136 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Mammana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Division, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padova University Hospital, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9003-9421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diletta","family":"Trojan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Bank, Fondazione Banca dei Tessuti del Veneto ETS, 31100 Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Bianchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Bank, Fondazione Banca dei Tessuti del Veneto ETS, 31100 Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Favaretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Bank, Fondazione Banca dei Tessuti del Veneto ETS, 31100 Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Contran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Zambello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Division, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padova University Hospital, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8864-506X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Vogliardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy \u2018G. Galilei\u2019, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9322-8711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Confalonieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6077-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Todros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piero G.","family":"Pavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Citt\u00e0 della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0243-1464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Romanato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy \u2018G. Galilei\u2019, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Conconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2335-6897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Macchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"L.i.f.e.L.a.b. 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