{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:20:28Z","timestamp":1790968828829,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["FA330\/9-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA330\/9-2"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["FA330\/12-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA330\/12-1"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["FA330\/13-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA330\/13-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like actin-filament bundles that overcome membrane tension by forces generated through actin polymerization at their tips to allow extension of these structures a few microns beyond the cell periphery. Actin assembly of these protrusions is regulated by accessory proteins including heterodimeric capping protein (CP) or Ena\/VASP actin polymerases to either terminate or promote filament growth. Accordingly, the depletion of CP in B16-F1 melanoma cells was previously shown to cause an explosive formation of filopodia. In Ena\/VASP-deficient cells, CP depletion appeared to result in ruffling instead of inducing filopodia, implying that Ena\/VASP proteins are absolutely essential for filopodia formation. However, this hypothesis was not yet experimentally confirmed. Methods: Here, we used B16-F1 cells and CRISPR\/Cas9 technology to eliminate CP either alone or in combination with Ena\/VASP or other factors residing at filopodia tips, followed by quantifications of filopodia length and number. Results: Unexpectedly, we find massive formations of filopodia even in the absence of CP and Ena\/VASP proteins. Notably, combined inactivation of Ena\/VASP, unconventional myosin-X and the formin FMNL3 was required to markedly impair filopodia formation in CP-deficient cells. Conclusions: Taken together, our results reveal that, besides Ena\/VASP proteins, numerous other factors contribute to filopodia formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T06:57:11Z","timestamp":1678777031000},"page":"890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Unleashed Actin Assembly in Capping Protein-Deficient B16-F1 Cells Enables Identification of Multiple Factors Contributing to Filopodium Formation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jens Ingo","family":"Hein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5077-9345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"K\u00f6rber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1803-9192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Faix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2013","article-title":"Actin Dynamics, Architecture, and Mechanics in Cell Motility","volume":"94","author":"Blanchoin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. 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