{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:40:38Z","timestamp":1789987238534,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":450,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Norwegian Research Council","award":["90456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90456"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian Research Council","award":["2018-151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-151"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian Research Council","award":["2018-02475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-02475"]}]},{"name":"ERA PerMed","award":["90456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90456"]}]},{"name":"ERA PerMed","award":["2018-151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-151"]}]},{"name":"ERA PerMed","award":["2018-02475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-02475"]}]},{"name":"PerMIT","award":["90456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90456"]}]},{"name":"PerMIT","award":["2018-151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-151"]}]},{"name":"PerMIT","award":["2018-02475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-02475"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council","award":["90456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90456"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council","award":["2018-151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-151"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council","award":["2018-02475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-02475"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Common causes include gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria as well as fungi. Neutrophils are among the first cells to arrive at an infection site where they function as important effector cells of the innate immune system and as regulators of the host immune response. The regulation of neutrophil migration is therefore important both for the infection-directed host response and for the development of organ dysfunctions in sepsis. Downregulation of CXCR4\/CXCL12 stimulates neutrophil migration from the bone marrow. This is followed by transmigration\/extravasation across the endothelial cell barrier at the infection site; this process is directed by adhesion molecules and various chemotactic gradients created by chemotactic cytokines, lipid mediators, bacterial peptides, and peptides from damaged cells. These mechanisms of neutrophil migration are modulated by sepsis, leading to reduced neutrophil migration and even reversed migration that contributes to distant organ failure. The sepsis-induced modulation seems to differ between neutrophil subsets. Furthermore, sepsis patients should be regarded as heterogeneous because neutrophil migration will possibly be further modulated by the infecting microorganisms, antimicrobial treatment, patient age\/frailty\/sex, other diseases (e.g., hematological malignancies and stem cell transplantation), and the metabolic status. The present review describes molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of neutrophil migration; how these mechanisms are altered during sepsis; and how bacteria\/fungi, antimicrobial treatment, and aging\/frailty\/comorbidity influence the regulation of neutrophil migration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12071003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T01:38:36Z","timestamp":1679881116000},"page":"1003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Regulation of Neutrophil Migration in Patients with Sepsis: The Complexity of the Molecular Mechanisms and Their Modulation in Sepsis and the Heterogeneity of Sepsis Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"\u00d8ystein","family":"Bruserud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4248-3325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Knut Anders","family":"Mosevoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8yvind","family":"Bruserud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5439-8411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e5kon","family":"Reikvam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8ystein","family":"Wendelbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Faculty of Health, VID Specialized University, Ulriksdal 10, 5009 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000050454.01978.3B","article-title":"2001 CM\/ESICM\/ACCP\/ATS\/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference","volume":"31","author":"Levy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. 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