{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T01:38:41Z","timestamp":1792546721168,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":231,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]],"date-time":"2023-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["219S842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["219S842"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder seen, especially in the elderly. Tremor, shaking, movement problems, and difficulty with balance and coordination are among the hallmarks, and dopaminergic neuronal loss in substantia nigra pars compacta of the brain and aggregation of intracellular protein \u03b1-synuclein are the pathological characterizations. Neuroinflammation has emerged as an involving mechanism at the initiation and development of PD. It is a complex network of interactions comprising immune and non-immune cells in addition to mediators of the immune response. Microglia, the resident macrophages in the CNS, take on the leading role in regulating neuroinflammation and maintaining homeostasis. Under normal physiological conditions, they exist as \u201chomeostatic\u201d but upon pathological stimuli, they switch to the \u201creactive state\u201d. Pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes are used to classify microglial activity with each phenotype having its own markers and released mediators. When M1 microglia are persistent, they will contribute to various inflammatory diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD. In this review, we focus on the role of microglia mediated neuroinflammation in PD and also signaling pathways, receptors, and mediators involved in the process, presenting the studies that associate microglia-mediated inflammation with PD. A better understanding of this complex network and interactions is important in seeking new therapies for PD and possibly other neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12071012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T01:38:36Z","timestamp":1679881116000},"page":"1012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":390,"title":["Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7687-6082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sevim","family":"Isik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey"},{"name":"Stem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9667-3506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bercem","family":"Yeman Kiyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Hamidiye Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Uskudar, Istanbul 34668, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3928-4966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rumeysa","family":"Akbayir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Science, Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0905-1598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rama","family":"Seyhali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Science, Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7852-5307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahire","family":"Arpaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell Research and Application Center (USKOKMER), Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Science, Uskudar University, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"386","author":"Kalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(05)70259-0","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Tanner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurol. 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