{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T22:27:51Z","timestamp":1778624871745,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish National Science Center","award":["DEC-2017\/01\/X\/NZ4\/00838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEC-2017\/01\/X\/NZ4\/00838"]}]},{"name":"Polish National Science Center","award":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015526","name":"Minister of Education and Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEC-2017\/01\/X\/NZ4\/00838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEC-2017\/01\/X\/NZ4\/00838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015526","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015526","name":"Minister of Education and Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015526","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the effect of low-intensity blue light on the albino Wistar rat retina, including intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Three groups of nine albino Wistar rats were used. One group was continuously exposed to blue light (150 lx) for 2 d (STE); one was exposed to 12 h of blue light and 12 h of darkness for 10 d (LTE); one was maintained in 12 h of white light (150 lx) and 12 h of darkness for 10 d (control). Melanopsin (Opn4) was immunolabelled on retinal whole-mounts. To count and measure Opn4-positive ipRGC somas and dendrites (including Sholl profiles), Neuron J was used. Retinal cryosections were immunolabeled for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling for apoptosis detection. LTE reduced the length of Opn4-positive ipRGC dendrites (p = 0.03) and decreased Opn4-immunoreactivity in ipRGC outer stratifying dendrites. LTE and STE decreased the complexity of dendritic arborization (Sholl profile; p &lt; 0.001, p = 0.03, respectively), increased retinal GFAP immunoreactivity (p &lt; 0.001, p = 0.002, respectively), and caused outer segment vesiculation and outer nuclear layer apoptosis. Ultrastructural analysis showed that LTE damaged mitochondria in retinal ganglion cells and in the inner plexiform layer. Thus, LTE to low-intensity blue light harms the retinas of albino Wistar rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12071014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T01:38:36Z","timestamp":1679881116000},"page":"1014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Low-Intensity Blue Light Exposure Reduces Melanopsin Expression in Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells and Damages Mitochondria in Retinal Ganglion Cells in Wistar Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2604-926X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Lewczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4735-1724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Szyry\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Rawicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policlinico Veterinario Rome Sud, 00173 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Vyniarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary and Biotechnologies, 097-063-35-12 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/260153a0","article-title":"Retinal sensitivity to damage from short wavelength light","volume":"260","author":"Ham","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"497","article-title":"Rhodopsin-mediated blue-light damage to the rat retina: Effect of photoreversal of bleaching","volume":"42","author":"Grimm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Investig. 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