{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:17:48Z","timestamp":1790399868376,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R21 MH122241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 MH122241"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01NS108796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS108796"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>HIV anti-retrovirals (ARVs) have vastly improved the life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLWH). However, toxic effects attributed to long-term ARV use also contribute to HIV-related co-morbidities such as heart disease, bone loss and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Unfortunately, mouse models used to study the effects of ARVs on viral suppression, toxicity and HIV latency\/tissue reservoirs have not been widely established. Here, we demonstrate an effective mouse model utilizing immune-compromised mice, reconstituted with infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs). ARVs areincorporated into mouse chow and administered daily with combination ARV regimens includingAtripla (efavirenz, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and emtricitabine) and Triumeq (abacavir, dolutegravir and lamivudine). This model measures HIV-infected human cell trafficking, and ARV penetration throughout most relevant HIV organs and plasma, with a large amount of trafficking to the secondary lymphoid organs. Furthermore, the HIV viral load within each organ and the plasma was reduced in ARV treated vs. untreated control. Overall, we have demonstrated a mouse model that is relatively easy and affordable to establish and utilize to study ARVs\u2019 effect on various tissues, including the co-morbid conditions associated with PLWH, such as HAND, and other toxic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12071034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T01:33:00Z","timestamp":1680053580000},"page":"1034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An Efficient Humanized Mouse Model for Oral Anti-Retroviral Administration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Amber K.","family":"Virdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie S.","family":"Seaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold Z.","family":"Olali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivas D.","family":"Narasipura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah J.","family":"Barbian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leannie J.","family":"Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemil","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee C.","family":"Winchester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68182, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony T.","family":"Podany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68182, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan D.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Al-Harthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennillee","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2014.0113","article-title":"Skeletal muscle toxicity in HIV-1-infected patients treated with a raltegravir-containing antiretroviral therapy: A cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Calza","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Res. 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